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CERTAIN 

MISCELLANY 

TRACTS. 


ri-i 


Written  by 

THOMAS  BROWUiK} 

and  DoQour  of  Phyfick,- 

hx&oi  N.P1R.WICW 


jHu 


LONDON, 

Printed  for  Charles  Mearne,  and  are  to  be  fold 

by  Henry  Bonwkk^  at  the  Red  Lyon, 

in  St.?auh  Church-Yard, 

MDCLXXXIV. 

Jtmmmmmmimmmim^immmimtmm  \y      •|m-bVi1iii       .1   'iWih.li.  !?■  -m- W    . 


■btfii  iTm*gririn  iv-m m  't ■«-  i  tlatii 


/^^/fe 


.\Kij:. 


.-TV'.:X1. 


THE 

PUBLISHER 

'  »      •*   i 

•'        •O.I 
>       ■•     «»     o" 

•T.O 


The  Reader, 


THE  Papers  from  which  thefe  TraUs 
were  printed,  were,  a  while  fince, 
delivery  to  me  by,  thofe  worthy  perfons, 
the  Lady  and  Son  of  the  excellent  Authour. 
He  himfelf  gave  no  charge  concerning  his 
ManufcriptSj  either  for  the  fuppr effing  or 
the  publiljiing  of  them.  Yet,  feeing  he 
had  procured  Tranfcripts  of  them,  and  had 
kept  thofe  Copies  by  him,  it  feemeth  pro- 
bable that  He  defigned  them  for  publick 
ufe. 

Thus  much  of  his  Intention  being  pre- 
fumed,  and  many  who  had  tailed  of  the 
fruits  of  his  former  ftudies  being  covetous 
of  more  of  the  like  kind ;  Alfo  thefe  Trdis 
having  been  perufed  and  much  approv'd  of 
by  fome  Judicious  and  Learned  men ;  I 

A  ^  was 

871 RO^ 


The  Pi/blifoer  to  the  Reader. 

was  not  unwilling  to  be  inftrumental  in 
fitting  them  for  the  Prefs. 

To  this  end,  I  feledled  them  out  of  ma- 
ny difordred  Papers,  and  difpos'd  them  in- 
to fuch  a  method  as  They  feem'd  capable 
of;  beginning  firft  vi'itlji  Plants,  going  on 
to  Ammds^  pi'oceedihg  farther  to  things 
relatin^j'to  jl/if?^;  ^nd  conclliding  with  mat- 
ters  oizydrioHS^ndtuye:'' 

Concerning  the  Plants^  I  did,  on  pur- 
'^oit,  forbear  to  mnge  them  (as  fome  ^d- 
vifed)  according  to  their  Tribes  and  Fami- 
lies ;  becaufe,  by  fo  doing,  I  fhouldhave 
reprefepted  that  as  a  ftudied  and  formal 
work,  which  is  but  a  Colledion  diocca^o- 
palEJfaies,  And,  indeed,  both  this  Tra^, 
and  thofe  which  follow,  were  rather  the 
diverftons  than  the  Lahou/s  ofhis  Pen :  and, 
becaufe  He  did,  as  it  were,  drop  down  his 
Thoughts  of  a  fudden,  in  thofe  little  fpaces 
of  vacancy  which  he  fnatch'd  from  thofe 
very  many  occafions  which  gave  him 
hourly  interruption ;  If  there  appears,  here 
and  there,  any  uncorrednefs  in  the  ftyle, 
•a  fmall  degree  of  Caqdour  fufficeth  to  ex- 
«:ufe  it. 

If  there  be  any  fuch  errours  In  the  words, 
Fm  fure  the  Prefs  has  not  made  them  fewer ; 
but  I  do  not  hold  my  ielf  obligd  to  anfwer 
for  That  which  I  could  not  perfeftly  go- 
ye^,   Howevej,  the  matter  is  iiot  of  any 

great 


The  Publijher  to  the  Reader. 

great  moment :  fuch  errours  will  not  mif- 
kad  a  Learned  Reader;  and  He  who  is 
not  fuch  in  fome  competent  degree,  is  not 
a  fit  Perufer  of  thefe  LETTERS.  Such 
thefe  Trails  are ;  but,  for  the  Perfons  to 
whom  they  were  written,  I  cannot  well 
learn  their  Names  from  thofe  few  obfcure 
marks  which  the  Authour  has  fet  at  the 
beginning  ot  them.  And  thefe  Eflaies  be- 
ing Letters,  as  many  as  take  offence  at 
fome  few  familiar  things  which  the  Au- 
thour hath  mixed  with  them,  find  fault 
with  decence.  Men  are  not  wont  to  fet 
down  Oracles  in  every  line  they  write  to 
their  Acquaintance. 

There,  ft  ill,  remain  other  brief  Difcour- 
ks  written  by  this  moft  Learned  and  inge- 
nious Authour.  Thofe,  alfo,  may  come 
forth,  when  fome  of  his  Friends  lliall  have 
fyfficient  leifure ;  and  at  fuch  due  diftance 
from  thefe  Trails,  that  They  may  follow 
rather  than  ftifle  them. 

Amongft  thefe  Manufcripts  there  is  one 
which  gives  a  brief  Account  of  all  the  Mo^ 
ftuments  of  the  Cathedral  of  Norwich.  It 
was  written  merely  for  private  ufe :  and 
the  Relations  of  the  Authour  exped  fuch 
Juftice  from  thofe  into  whofe  hands  fome 
imperfeft  Copies  of  it  are  fallen ;  thaf, 
without  their  Confent  firft  obtain'd,  they 
fQ^bear  the  publiihing  of  It. 

The 


The  Publijher  to  the  Reader. 

The  truth  is,  matter  equal  to  the  skill 
of  the  Antiquary  was  not,  there,  aflbrded  : 
had  a  fit  Subjeft  of  that  nature  offer'd  it 
feif.  He  would  fcarce  have  been  guilty  of 
an  overfight  like  to  that  oiAufonius,  who, 
in  the  defcription  of  his  native  City  of 
Burdeaux^  omitted  the  two  famous  Anti- 
quities of  it,  Palais  de  Tutete,  and,  Palais 
de  Galien* 

Concerning  the  Aut hour  himfelf,  I  chufe 
to  be  filent,  though  I  have  had  the  happi- 
ncfs  to  have  been,  for  fome  years,  known 
to  him.  There  is  on  foot  a  defign  of  wri- 
ting his  Life:  and  there  are,  already,  fome 
Memorials  coUeded  by  one  of  his  ancient 
Friends.  Till  that  work  be  perfeded,  the 
Reader  may  content  himfelf  with  thefe 
prefent  Trails  ;  all  which  commending 
themfelves  by  their  Learntjig^  Curiofity  and 
Brevity^  if  He  be  not  pleafed  with  them, 
he  feemeth  to  me  to  be  diftemper'd  with 
fuch  a  nicenefs  of  Imagination  as  no  wife 
man  is  concern'd  to  humour. 


Tho.  Tenifon. 


mm 


The 


The  Contents  of  theft  Trads. 

T  R  A  C  T  I. 

OBfervations  upon  fever al  Plants  mention^  in 
Scripture,  Page  I ,  &c. 

T  R  A  C  T  n. 

of  Garlands^  and  Coronarj  or  Garland-plant 5,Z^^&c, 

T  R  A  C  T  ffl. 

of  the  Fifhes  eaten  by  our  Saviour  with  his  Difciples 
after  the  RefurreBion  from  the  dead,  ^7. 

TRACT  IV. 

An  Anfwer  to  certain  Queries  relating  to  Tiflies, 
Birds,  InfsEls.     '  lo^,&c. 

T  R  A  C  T  V. 

Of  Hawks  and    Valconry ,    ancient  and   modern^ 

llIj&C. 

TRACT  VI. 

of  Qmbals,  &C.  i  z  i  p  &c. 

T  R  A  C  T  Vn. 

of  Rt^alic  or  Gradual  Ferfes,  &C.  1 2  5-,  ^r„ 

TRACT  Vin. 

of  Languages^  and  particularly/  of  the  Saxon-Tongue, 

1 2^,  &c. 

TRACT 


The  Contents  of  thefe  Trads. 
T  R  A  C  T  IX. 

of  Artificial  Hills^  Mounts  or  Boroughs  in  many 
^^rf  J- of  England:  Tvhat  they  are^  and  to  icrhat 
end  raifed^  and  by  tvhat  Nations.  151,  c^r. 

TRACT  X. 

t^/Troas,  rphat  ^lace  is  meant  hy  that  Name,    Alfo 

of  the  fituations  of  Sodom,  Gomoitah,  Zebo-  ■ 

im,  in  the  Bead  Sea,  15-7,  &c. 

TRACT  XI. 

Of  the  Anffvers  of  the  Oracle  0/ ApoUo  at  DclphoS 

to  Croefus  King  of  Lydia.  1 67,  &c. 

TRACT  Xn. 

A  Prophecy  concerning  the  future  fidte  of  fever  at 
Nations  ^  in  a  Letter  written  upon  occafwn  of  an 
eld  Prophecy  fent  to  the  Authour  from  a  Friend^ 
with  a  requefi  that  he  would  conjider  it.   181  ,C^r, 

T  R  ACT  XIIL 

Mufeum  Claufum,  or,  Bibliodieca  Abfcondita : 

containing  fome  remarkable  Books ,  Antiquities^  Pic^ 
tures  and  Rarities  of  fever al  kinds,  fcarce  or  ne- 
ver feen  by  any  man.  now  living,  1^3,  ^r. 


ERRATA. 

p Age  13. 1,20, 21.  ^oxCarobke  and  Ctfrrfcto/e,  rradc,  Carohitx^ 
*■  Carobala.  p.  17.  \.  18,  21.  blot  out  the  marks  of  the  Parenthe(1s. 
p.  ^6.1.5.  fr>r  P'-frj',  r.  It  Vrairie.  p.  40.!.$.  for  CenttJJlmjt^  r.  Ceru 
tejimal.  p.  6z.  I.  4,5.  for  Chefue  verde^  r.  Ckefnevtrt,  p.  77.  blot 
out  M.  in  the  Margin,  p.  99. 1.  <,.  f  >r  10}  Fiflies,  r.  155.  p.  121,!.  ?, 
blot  out  riot,  p.  160.  the  Greek  of  HuroJot.  (hould  have  been  fct  on 
the  Margh).  p.  170. 1. 4.  for  httu  a,  r.  had, 

TRACT  I. 


(O 


TRACT    I. 


OBSERVATIONS 

Upon  feveral 

PLANTS 

Menfion'd  in 

Scripture. 


Sir, 


Houeh  many  ordinary  Heads  run  ^7;?  intrd- 


I       fmootbly  over  the  Scripture,  yet 

"*-     I  mull  acknowledge,  it  is  one  of 

the  hardeft  Books  I  have  met  with  :  and 

therefore  well  defervech  thole  numerous 

Comments,  Expofitions  and  Annotations 

B  which 


2       Obferv.  Upon  feveral  Plants  Tradl  I. 

which  make  up  a  good  part  of  our  Libra- 
ries. 

However  fo  affefted  I. am  therewith, 
that  I  wifti  there  had  been  more  of  it :  and 
a  larger  Volume  of  that  Divine  Piece  which 
leaveth  fuch  welcome  impre/Iions,  and 
fomewhat  more,  in  the  Readers,  than  the 
words  and  fenfe  after  it.  At  leaft,  who 
would  not  be  glad  that  many  things  bare- 
ly hinted  were  at  large  delivered  in  it  ? 
The  particulars  of  the  Difpute  between 
the  Doftours.and  our  Saviour  could  not 
but  be  welcome  to  them,  who  have  every 
word  in  honour  which  proceeded  from 
his  mouth,  or  was  otherwife  delivered  by 
him  :  and  fo  would  be  glad  to  be  aflured, 
what  he  wrote  with  his  Finger  on  the 
ground :  But  efpecially  to  have  a  particu- 
lar of  that  inftrufting  Narration  or  Dif- 
courfe  which  he  made  unto  the  Difciples 
twke  24  27.  after  his  refur'reftion,  where  'tis  faid :  A^tJ 
leginning  at  Mofes,  and  ali  the  Prophets^ 
he  expounded  unto  them  in  all  the  Scriptures 
the  things  concerning  himfelf. 

But  to  omit  Theological  obfcurities, 
you  muft  needs  obferve  that'moft  Scien- 
ces do  feem  to  have  fomething  more  near- 
ly to  confider  in  the  expreffions  of  the 
Scripture. 

Aftronomers  find  therein  the  Names  but 
of  few  Stars,  fcarce  fo  many  as  in  Achilles 

his 


V 


radt  L  mention  d  in  Scripture.  3 

his  Buckler  in  Homer,  and  almoft  the  very 
fame.  But  in  fome  paflages  of  the  Old 
Teftament  they  think  they  difcover  the 
Zodiacal  courfe  of  the  Sun  :  and  they,  al- 
fo,  conceive  an  Aftronomical  fenfe  in  that 
elegant  expreflion  of  S.  James  concerning 
the  father  of  lights,  with  whom  there  is  no  Jam.  1. 11* 
'  variahlenefs,  neither  fhadow  of  turning  : 
and  therein  an  allowable  allufion  unto  the 
tropical  converfion  of  the  Sun,  whereby 
enfueth  a  variation  of  heat,  light,  and  al- 
fo  of  fliadows  from  it.  But  whether  the 
Stellce  erraticce ,  or  wandring  Stars  in 
S.  Jude,  may  be  referr'd  to  the  celeftial 
Planets,  or  fome  metereological  wandring 
Stars,  Ignes  fatui,  Stellce  cadentes  &  er- 
raticce^  or  had  any  allufion  unto  the  Im- 
f  odour Barchocheias,  or  StellceFilim,  who 
afterward  appeared,  and  wandred  about  , 
in  the  time  of  Adrianus,  they  leave  unto 
conjefture. 

Chirurgions  may  find  their  whole  Art 
in  that  one  pafiage,  concerning  the  Rib 
which  God  took  out  of  Adam ,  that  is 
their  hctt^jiinc,  in  opening  the  Flefli ,  e^a/- 
fsoi^  in  taking  out  the  Rib,  and  avu)^ 
r^fji-  in  clofing  and  healing  the  part  a- 
gain. 

Rhetoricians  and  Oratours  take  fingu- 
lar  notice  of  very  many  excellent  paflages, 
ftately  metaphors,  noble  tropes  and  ele-* 

B  %  gant 


4       Obferv.upon  fever al  Plants  Trad  I. 

gant  expreffions,  not  to  be  found  or  paral- 
krd  in  any  other  Authour. 

Mineralifts   look    earneflly    into   the 
twenty  eighth  of  Joi,  take  fpecial  notice 
of  the  early  artifice  in  Brafs  and  Iron  un- 
der Tuhal'Cain :  And  find  alfo  mention  of 
»  Vephxit    Gold,  Silver,  Brafs,  Tin,  Lead,  Iron  ;  be- 
9cuiosflibio,  fide  Refining,  Sodering,  Drofs,  Nitre,  Salt- 
?^!m^*!o  pits,  and  in  fome  manner  alio  of  *  Anti- 
Ezek.  23.40.  mony. 

Gemmarie  Naturalifts  reade  diligently 
the  pretious  Stones  in  the  holy  City  of  the 
Apocalypje:  examine  the  Breaft-plate  of  ^- 
aron,  and  various  Gemms  upon  it,  and 
think  .the  fecond  Row  the  nobler  of  the 
four ;  they  wonder  to  find  the  Art  of  In- 
gravery  fo  ancient  upon  pretious  Stones 
and  Signets;  together  with  the  ancient 
ufe  of  Ear-rings  and  Bracelets.  And  are 
pleafed  to  find  Pearl,  Coral,  Amber  and 
Cryftal  in  thofe  facred  Leaves,  according 
to  our  Tranflation.  And  when  they  ot- 
ten  meet  with  Flints  and  Marbles,  cannot 
but  take  notice  that  there  is  no  mention  of 
the  Magnet  or  Loadflone,  which  in  fo 
many  fimilitudes,  comparifons,  andallufi- 
ons,  could  hardly  have  been  omitted  in 
the  Works  of  Solomon  ;  if  it  were  true  that 
he  knew  either  the  attraftive  or  diredive 
power  thereof,  as  fome  have  believed. 

Navi- 


Tra6t  L  mention  d  in  Scripture. 

Navigatours  confider  the  Ark,  which 
was  pitched  without  and  within,  and 
could  endure  the  Ocean  without  Mail  or 
Sails:  They  take  fpecial  notice  of  the 
twenty  feventh  of  Ezekkl-,  the  mighty 
Traffick  and  great  Navigation  of  Tjre, 
with  particular  mention  of  their  Sails, 
their  Mafts  of  Cedar,  Oars  of  Oak,  their 
skilfull  Pilots,  Mariners  and  Calkers ;  as 
alfo  of  the  long  Voyages  of  the  Fleets  of 
Solomon ;  of  Jehofaphafs  Ships  broken  at 
Ezion-Geher  ;  of  the  notable  Voyage  and 
Shipwreck  of  S.  Faul,  fo  accurately  deli- 
vered in  the  Atls, 

Oneirocritical  Diviners  apprehend  fome 
.  hints  of  their  knowledge,  even  from  Divine 
Dreams,-  while  they  take  notice  of  the 
Dreams  oijofeph,  Pharaoh ^  Nehuchadnez' 
zar,  and  the  Angels  on  Jacob's  Ladder; 
and  find,  in  Artemidorus  and  Achmetes, 
that  Ladders  fignifie  Travels,  and  the 
Scales  thereof  Preferment;  and  that  Oxen 
Lean  and  Fat  naturally  denote  Scarcity 
or  Plenty,  and  the  fuccelles  of  Agricul* 
ture. 

Phyfiognomifts  will  largely  put  in  from 
very  many  paflages  of  Scripture.  And 
when  they  find  in  Ariftotle,  quthus  frons 
quadrangula,  commenfurata,  fortes y  referun- 
tur  ad  leones,  cannot  but  take  fpecial  no- 
tice of  that  expreflion  concerning  the  Ga- 

B  3  dites; 


Obferv,  upon  [ever al  Plants  Tradi:  I. 

dites;  mighty  men  of  war,  fit  for  battel, 
whofe  faces  were  as  the  faces  of  lyons. 

Geometrical  and  Architeftonical  Artifls 
look  narrowly  upon  the  defcription  of  the 
Ark,  the  fabrick  of  the  Temple,  and  the 
holy  City  in  the  Apocalypfe. 

But  the  Botanical  Artift  meets  every 
where  with  Vegetables,  and  from  the  Figg 
Leaf  in  Genefts  to  the  Star  Wormwood 
in  the  Apocalypfe,  are  varioufly  interfper- 
fed  expre/Tions  from  Plants,  elegantly  ad- 
vantaging the  fignificancy  of  the  Text : 
Whereot  many  being  delivered  in  a  Lan^ 
guage  proper  unto  Judcea  and  neighbour 
Countries  are  imperfedtly  apprehended  by 
the  common  Reader,  and  now  doubt- 
fully made  out,  even  by  the  Jewifh  Ex- 
pofitour. 

And  even  in  thofe  which  are  confeiled- 
ly  known,  the  elegancy,  is  often  loft  in 
the  apprehenfion  of  the  Reader,  unac- 
quainted with  fuch  Vegetables,  or  but 
nakedly  knowing  theirnatures :  whereof 
holding  a  pertinent  apprehenfion,  you 
cannot  pafs  over  fuch  expreffions  without 
fome  doubt  or  want  of  fatisfaftion  in  your 
judgment.  Hereof  we  fliall  onely  hint  or 
difcourfe  fome  few  which  I  could  not  but 
take  notice  of  in  the  reading  of  holy  Scrip- 
f:ure, 

^lany 


Tradt  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  7 

Many  Plants  are  mention  d  in  Scripture 
which  are  not  diftinftly  known  in  our 
Countries,  or  under  fuch  Names  in  the 
Original,  as  they  are  fain  to  be  rendred 
by  analogy,  or  by  the  name  of  Vegetables 
of  good  affinity  unto  them,  and  (b  main- 
tain the  textual  fenfe,  though  in  fome  va* 
riation  from  identity. 

1.  That  Plant  which  afforded  a  fliade^^.^^^y- 
unto  *  Jonah,  mention  d  by  the  name  of  ^^(lio/l. 
Kikaion,  and  ftill  retained  at  lead  margi-*Jona4.tf. 
rially  in  fome  Tranflations,  to  avoid  ob-  ^  ^^"'^^' 
fcurity  Jerome  rendred  Hedera  or  Ivy  ; 
which  notwithftanding  (except  in  its  fcan- 

dent  nature)  agreed  not  fully  with  the  o- 
ther,  that  is,  to  grovo  up  in  a  nighty  or  be 
confumed  with  a  Worm  ;  Ivy  being  of  no 
fwift  growth,  little  fubjedt  unto  Worms, 
and  a  fcarce  Plant  about  Bahylon. 

2.  That  Hyflbpe  is  taken  for  that  Plant  ^#/** 
which  cleanfed  the  Leper,  being  a  well 
fcented,  and  very  abfterfive  Simple,  may 
well  be  admitted  ;  fo  we  be  not  too  con- 
fident, that  it  is  ftriftly  the  fame  with  our 
common  Hyflbpe :  The  Hyflbpe  of  thofe 
parts  differing  from  that  of  ours ;  as  BeU 
lonius  hath  obferved  in  the  Hyflbpe  which 
grows  in  Judaa,  and  the  Hyflbpe  of  the 
Wall  mentioned  in  the  Works  oi  Solomon^ 

no  kind  of  our  Hyflbpe ;  and  may  tole- 
B  4  rably 


S       Obferv.upon fever al Vlants  Tra6t I. 

rably  be  taken  for  fome  kind  of  minor 
Gapillary,  which  bell  makes  out  the  An- 
tithefis  with  the  Cedar.  Nor  when  we 
meet  with  Lihanotu,  is  it  to  be  conceived 
our  common  Rofemary,  which  is  rather 
the  firft  kind  thereof  among  feveral  others, 
ufed  by  the  Ancients. 

jiemhck.  3.  That  it  muft  be  taken  for  Hemlock, 

AmQ5'a°2!*'  ^vhich  is  twice  fo  rendred  in  our  Tranfla- 
tion,  will  hardly  be  made  out,  other  wife 
than  in  the  intended  fenfe,  and  implying 
fome  Plant,  wherein  bitternefs  or  a  poi- 
fonous  quality  is  confiderable. 

Paliurus.  ,  ^.  Wh^tTremelim  rtV)Artt\\  Sf^ina,  and 
the  Vulgar  Tranflation  Paliurus ,  and  o- 
thers  make  fome  kind  oiRhamnus,  is  allow- 
able in  the  fenfe ;  and  we  contend  not  a- 
bout  the  fpecies,  fince  they  are  known 
Thorns  in  thofe  Countries ,  and  in  our 
Fields  or  Gardens  arnong  us :  and  fo  com- 
mon in  Judi^a,  that  men  conclude  the 
ithorny  Crown  of  our  Saviour  was  made 
cither  of  Faliurm  or  Rhamnus, 

B^ubus.  5".  Whether  the  Bufli  which  burnt  and 

confumed  not,  were  properly  a  Ruhus  or 
Bramble,  was  fomewhat  doubtful!  from 
the  Original  and  fome  Tranflations ,  had 
not  the  Evangelift,  and  S.  Paul  exprefs'd 
thefameby  the  Greek  word  BxTo^,  which 
from  the  defcription  of  Diofcorides,  Her- 
Iparifts  accept  for  fiuhs;  although  the 


Tra6t  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  p 

fame  word  Bxto;  exprefleth  not  onely  the 
Ruius  or  kinds  of  Bramble,  but  other 
Thorn-bufnes,  and  the  Hipp-briar  is  alfo 
named  Kwoa^^Tv;,  or  the  Dog-briar  or 
Bramble. 

6.  That  Myrka  is  rendred ,    Heath ,  Myrica* 
founds  inftrudHvely  enough  to  our  ears,  ^*"^ '* '^ 
who  behold  that  Plant  fo  common  in  bar- 
ren Plains  among  us :  But  you  cannot  but 

take  notice  that  Erica,  or  our  Heath  is 
not  the  fame  Plant  with  Myrka  or  Tam- 
marice ,  defcribed  by  Theophraflus  and 
Dkfcorides,  and  which  Bellonius  declareth 
to  grow  fo  plentifully  in  the  Defarts  of 
Jud^a  and  Arabia, 

7.  That   the  /SoTfj;  tti;  Kvit^h,  hotrus  Cyprefs. 

Cjpri,  or  Clufters  ot  Cyprefs,  Ihould  have  ^^^^*  "•  *4» 
any  reference  to  the  Cyprefs  Tree,  accor- 
•  ding  to  the  original  Copher,  or  Clufters  of 
the  noble  Vine  oi  Cyprus y  which  might  be 
planted  into  Jud£a,  may  feem  to  others 
allowable  in  fome  latitude.  But  there 
feeming  fome  noble.  Odour  to  be  implied 
in  this  place,  you  may  probably  conceive 
that  the  expreflion  drives  at  the  Kvir^z^  of 
DiofcorideSy  fome  oriental  kind  of  i/g«- 
jhum  or  Alcharma,  which  Diofccr ides  and 
Tliny  mention  under  the  name  of  Kw^o^ 
and  Cyprus,  and  to  grow  about  ^gypt 
and  Afcalon,  producing  a  fweet  and  odo- 
rate  buih  of  Flowers,  and  out  of  which 

was 


lo  Obferv.  upon  feveral  Plants  Tradll. 
was  made  the  famous  Oleum  Cyprinum, 
But  why  it  lliould  be  rendred  Camr 
phyre  your  judgment  cannot  but  doubt, 
who  know  that  our  Camphyre  was  un- 
known unto  the  Ancients,  and  no  ingre- 
dient into  any  compofition  of  great  z\nti- 
quity  :  that  learned  men  long  conceived 
it  a  bituminous  and  folTile  Body,  and  our 
lateft  experience  difcovereth  it  to  be  the 
refinous  fubftance  of  a  Tree,  in  Borneo  and 
China;  and  that  the  Camphyre  that  we 
ufe  is  a  neat  preparation  of  the  fame. 
Shittah  8.  When  'tis  faid  in  Ifaiah  ^i.  I  wiU 

fr^df '^'k  /^^^^  ^^  ^^^  wildernefs  the  Cedar,  the  Shit- 
tah Tree,  and  the  Myrtle  and  the  OilTree,  I 
wiflfet  in  the  Defart,  the  Firre  Tree,  and 
the  Pine,  and  the  Box  Tree  :  Though 
fome  doubt  may  be  made  of  the  Shittah 
Tree,  yet  all  thefe  Trees  here  mentioned 
being  fuch  as  are  ever  green,  you  will 
more  emphatically  apprehend  the  merci- 
fuU  meaning  of  God  in  this  mention  of  no 
fading,  but  always  verdant  Trees  in  dry 
and  defart  places. 
Grapes  t>j  9.  And  they  cut  down  a  Branch  with  one 

£^^°^'.   .  clufier  of  Grapes,  and  they  bare  it  between 

Num.  13.23.  -^  J  J    Z  11-^7  1        -n 

two  upon  a  Staff,  and  they  brought  Fome- 

granates  and  Figgs,  This  clufter  of  Grapes 

brought  upon  a  Staff  by  the  Spies,  was  an 

^oLn^f^df  incredible  fight,  in  '^Philo  Jud(^us,  feem'd 

Phiio.        Rotable  in  the  eyes  qf  the  Ifraelites,  but 

more 


Tradl  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  1 1 

more  wonderfull  in  our  own,  who  look 
oneiy  upon  Northern  Vines.  But  herein 
you  are  like  to  confider,  that  the  Clufter 
was  thus  carefully  carried  to  reprefent  it 
entire,  without  bruifing  or  breaking ;  that 
this  was  not  one  Bunch  but  an  extraordi- 
nary Clufter,  made  up  of  many  depen- 
ding upon  one  grofs  ftalk.  And  however, 
might  be  paralleled  with  the  Eaftern  Clu- 
fters  of  Margiana  and  Caramania^  if  we 
allow  but  half  the  exprefTions  of  Tliny  and 
Straloy  whereof  one  would  lade  a  Curry 
or  fmall  Cart ;  and  may  be  made  out  by 
the  clufters  of  the  Grapes  of  Rhodes  pre- 
fented  unto  Duke  "^  Radzivily  each  con-  '*-  Radzivii 
taining  three  parts  of  an  Ell  in  compafs/j^^^**  '^^^' 
and  the  Grapes  as  big  as  Prunes. 

lo.  Some  things  may  be  doubted  iningred.of 
the  fpecies  of  the  holy  Ointment  and  Per-  ^yp^' 
fume.     With  Amber,  Musk  and  Civet  we  S^V,  &c. 
meet  not  in  the  Scripture,  nor  any  Odours  ^^^-  5^* 
from  Animals ;   except  we  take  the  Ony-  ^^'  '^' 
cha  of  that  Perfume  for  the  Covercle  of  a 
Shell-filh  called  Vnguis  OJoratus,  or  Blatta 
Byzantinay  which  Diofcorides  a/Brmeth  to 
be  taken  from  a  Shell-fifli  of  the  Indian 
Lakes,  which  feeding  upon  the  Aromati- 
cal  Plants  is  gathered  when  the  Lakes  are 
drie.     But  whether  that  which  we  now 
call  Blatta  Byzantina,  or  Vnguis  Odoratus, 
be  the  fame  with  th^t  odorate  one  of  An- 
tiquity, 


1 2     Obferv.  upon  fever  a  I  Plants  Trad:  I. 

tiquity,  great  doubt  may  be  made ;  fince 
Diojcorides  faith  it  fmelled  like  Cajloreum^ 
and  that  which  we  now  have  is  of  an  un- 
grateful! odour. 

No  little  doubt  may  be  alfo  made  of 
Galbanumprefcribed  in  the  fame  Pertum'e, 
if  we  take  it  for  Galbanum  which  is  of 
common  ufe  among  us,  approaching  the 
evil  fcent  ot  Jjfa  FiettJa ;  and  not  rather 
for  Galbanum  of  good  odour,  as  the  ad- 
joining words  declare ,  and  the  original 
Chelhena  will  bear  ;  which  implies  a  tat  or 
refmous  fubftance,  that  which  is  common- 
ly known  among  us  being  properly  a  gum- 
mous  body  and  diflbluble  alfo  in  Water. 

The  holy  Ointment  of  Stafte  or  pure 
Myrrh,  diftilling  from  the  Plant  without 
expreflion  or  firing,  of  Cinnamon,  Caffia 
and  Calamus,  containeth  left  queftionable 
fpecies,  if  the  Cinnamon  of  the  Ancients 
were  the  fame  with  ours,  or  managed  af- 
ter the  fame  manner.  For  thereof  Diofco- 
rides  made  his  noble  Unguent.  And  Cin- 
namon was  fo  highly  valued  by  Princes, 
that  Cleopatra  carried  it  unto  her  Sepulchre 
with  her  Jewels ;  which  was  alfo  kept  in 
wooden  Boxes  among  the  rarities  of  Kings  : 
and  was  of  fuch  a  lading  nature,  that  at 
his  compofing  of  Treacle  tor  the  Emperour 
SeveruSy  Galen  made,  ufe  of  fome  which 
had  been  laid  up  by  Adrtanm. 

II.  That 


Tradt  L  mention  d  in  Scripture.  1 3 

II,  That  the  Prodigal  Son  defired  toHui\seatem 
eat  of  Husks  given  unto  Swine,  will  hard-  ^J.  ^^f  ^^^ 
ly  pafs  in  your  apprehenfion  for  the  Huskis  ukc  15.15. 
of  Peafe,  Beans,  ox  fuch  edulious  Pulfes ; 
as  well  underdanding  that  the  textual 
word  Ki^jhnov  or  Ceration^  properly  in- 
tendeth  the  Fruit  of  the  Sili^ua  Tree  fo 
common  in  Syria,  and  fed  upon  by  Men 
and  Beads ;  called  alfo  by  fome  the  Fruit 
of  the  Locuft  Tree,  and  Panis  Santli  Jo- 
hannis,  as  conceiving  it  to  have  been  part 
of  the  Diet  of  the  Bapt/fiinthQ  Defart. 
The  Tree  and  Fruit  is  not  onely  common 
in  Syria  and  the  Eaftern  parts,  but  alfo  well 
known  in  Apuglia,  and  the  Kingdom  of 
Maples,  growing  along  the  Fia  Appia, 
from  Fundi  unto  Mola-,  the  hard  Cods 
or  Husks  making  a  rattling  noife  in 
windy  weather,  by  beating  againfl:  one 
another  :  called  by  the  Italians  Carohhe  or 
Carohhole ,  and  by  the  French  Carouses, 
With  the  fweet  Pulp  hereof  fome  conceive 
that  the  Indians  preferve  Ginger,  Mirabo- 
lans  and  Nutmegs.  Of  the  iame  (as  Pli- 
ny delivers)  the  Ancients  made  one  kind 
of  Wine,  ftrongly  expreifTing  the  Juice 
thereof;  aod  fo  they  might  after  give  the 
exprefled  and  lefs  ufefull  part  ofthe  Cods, 
and  remaining  Pulp  unto  their  Swine: 
which  being  no  guftlefsor  unfatisfying  Of- 
fal, might  be  well  defired  by  the  Prodigal 
in  his  hunger.  12.  No 


14     Ohferv.iifon fever al Plants  Trad:.! 
Cucum-  12.  No  marvel  it  is  that  the  Ifraelites 

^•i&gm*    ^^^^"§  ^^^^^  '^"S  ^"  ^  ^^^'  watred  Coun- 
try, and  been  acquainted  with  the  noble 
Water  of  Ni/^,  Ihould  complain  for  Wa- 
ter in  the  dry   and  barren  Wildernefs. 
More  remarkable  it  feems  that  they  fliould 
extoU  and  linger  after  the  Cucumbers  and 
Leeks,  Onions  and  Garlick  in  ^gypt  : 
wherein  notwithftanding  lies  a  pertinent 
expreffion  of  the  Diet  of  that  Country  in 
ancient  times,  even  as  high  as  the  building 
of  the  Pyramids,  when  Herodotus  delive- 
reth,  that  fo  many  Talents  were  fpent  in 
Onions  and  Garlick,  for  the  Food  of  La- 
bourers and  Artificers ;  and  is  alfo  anfwe- 
rable  unto  their  prefent  plentifull  Diet  in 
Cucumbers,  and  the  great  varieties  there- 
of, as  teftified  by  Profper  Alpinus,  who 
fpent  many  years  in  ^gypt. 
Forbidden         1 3 .  What  Fruit  that  was  which  our  firfl 
Qtn'2        Parents  tafted  in  Paradife,  from  the  dif- 
^en.2.17,    p^^^^  of  learned  men  feems  yet  indetermi- 
nable.    More  clear  it  is  that  they  cover 'd 
their  nakednefs  or  fecret  parts  with  Figg 
Leaves ;  which  when  I  reade,  I  cannot  but 
call  to  mind  the  feveral  confiderations 
which  Antiquity  had  of  the  Figg  Tree, 
in  reference  unto  thofe  parts,  particularly 
how  Figg  Leaves  by  fundry  Authours  are 
defcribed  to  have  fome  refemblance  unto 
the  Genitals,  and  fo  were  aptly  formed 

for 


Tradt  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  1 5 

for  fuch  conteftion  of  thofe  parts ;  how 
alfo  in  that  famous  Statua  of  Praxiteles, 
concerning  Alexander  and  Bitcephalus,  the 
Secret  Parts  are  veifd  with  Figg  Leaves ; 
how  this  Tree  was  facred  unto  Priapus^ 
and  how  the  Difeafes  of  the  Secret  Parts 
have  derived  their  Name  from  Figgs. 

14.  That  the  good  Samaritan  coming  BrfZ/im. 
from  Jericho  ufed  any  of  the  Judean  Bal-?'t-.^  ,, 

r  1  I      1    n-1  11  Luke  la  54, 

lam  upon  the  wounded  Traveller,  is  not 
to  be  made  out,  and  we  are  unwilling  to 
difparage  his  charitable  Surgery  in  pou- 
ring Oil  into  a  green  Wound ;  and  there- 
fore when  'tis  faid  he  ufed  Oil  and  Wine, 
may  rather  conceive  that  he  made  an  Oi- 
nel(tum  or  medicine  of  Oil  and  Wine  bea- 
ten up  and  mixed  together,  which  was  no 
improper  Medicine ,  and  is  an  Art  now 
lately  ftudied  by  fome  fo  to  incorporate 
Wine  and  Oil.  that  they  may  laftingly 
hold  together ,  which  fome  pretend  to 
have,  and  call  it  Oleum  Samaritamm,  or 
Samaritans  Oil. 

1 5".  When  Daniel  would  not  pollute  ^uife  of 
himfelf  with  the  Diet  of  the  Babylonians,  ^^JJJ^I'j^^ 
he  probably  declined  Pagan  commenfati- 
on,  or  to  eat  of  Meats  torbidden  to  the 
Jews,  though  common  at  their  Tables,  or 
fo  much  as  to  tafte  of  their  Gentile  Immo- 
ktions,  and  Sacrifices  abominable  unto  his 
Palate. 

But 


1 6     Obferv.  upon  feveral  Plants  Tfacftl. 

But  when  'tis  fa  id  that  he  made  choice 
of  the  Diet  of  Pulfe  and  Water,  M'hether 
he  {trid:ly  confined  unto  a  leguminous 
Food,  according  to  the  Vulgar  Tranflati- 
on,  fome  doubt  may  be  railed,  Irom  the 
original  word  Zeragnm,  which  fignifies 
Seminalia,  and  is  fo  fet  down  in  the  Mar- 
gin of  Arias  Mont  anus  \  and  the  Greek 
woxdi  SpermatUy  generally  expreffing  Seeds^ 
may  fignifie  any  edulious  or  cerealious 
Grains  befides  tasr^ix  or  leguminous 
Seeds. 

Yet  if  he  ftriftly  made  choice  of  a  legu- 
minous Food,  and  Water  inftead  of  his  por- 
tion from  the  King's  Table,  he  handfomely 
declined  the  Diet  which  might  have  been 
put  upon  him,  and  particularly  that  which 
was  called  thtPotihaJisoitht  King,  which 
zsJthenaus  informeth  implied  the  Bread 
of  the  King,  made  of  Barky,  and  Wheat, 
and  the  Wine  of  Cyprus,  which  he  drank 
in  an  oval  Cup.  And  therefore  diftincStly 
from  that  he  chofe  plain  Fare  of  Water, 
and  the  grofs  Diet  of  Pulfe,  and  that  per- 
haps not  made  into  Bread,  but  parched, 
and  tempered  with  Water. 

Now  that  herein  (befide  the  fpecial  be- 
nediftion  of  God)  he  made  choice  of  no 
improper  Diet  to  keep  himfelf  fair  and 
plump  and  fo  to  excufe  the  Eunuch  his 
keeper,  Phyficians  will  not  deny,  who 

acknow* 


Tradl  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  1 7 

acknowledge  a  very  nutritive  and  impin- 
guating  faculty  in  Pulfes,  in  leguminous 
Food,  and  in  feveral  forts  of  Grains  and 
Corns,  is  not  like  to  be  doubted  by  fuch  ' 
who  confider  that  this  was  probably  a 
'  great  part  of  the  Food  of  our  Forefathers 
before  the  Floud,  the  Diet  alfo  of  Jacoh.* 
and  that  the  Romans  ( called  therefore 
Pultifagt)  fed  much  on  Pulfe  for  fix  hun- 
dred years ;  that  they  had  no  Bakers  for 
that  time :  and  their  Piftours  were  fuch 
as,  before  the  ufe  of  Mills,  beat  out  and 
cleanfed  their  Corn.  As  alfo  that  the  Ath- 
letick  Diet  was  of  Pulfe,  Alphiton,  Maza^ 
Barley  and  Water ;  whereby  they  were  ad- 
vantaged fometimes  to  an  exquifite  flateof 
health,  and  fuch  as  was  not  without  dan* 
ger.  And  therefore  (though  Daniel  were 
no  .Eunuch,  and  of  a  more  fatning  and 
thriving  temper,  -as  fome  have  phancied, 
yet)  was  he  by  this  kind  of  Diet,  fuffici- 
ently  maintained  in  a  fair  and  carnous 
ftate  of  Body,  and  accordingly  his  Pifture 
not  improperly  drawn,  that  is,  not  mea- 
gre and  lean,  like  Jeremy^,  but  plump  and 
iair,  anfwerable  to  the  moft  authentick 
draught  of  the  Vatican,  and  the  late  Ger- 
man Luther  s  Bible. 

The  Cynicks  in  Athenceus  make  itera- 
ted Courfes  of  Lentils,  and  prefer  that 
Diet  before  the  luxury  of  Seleucus.    The 
C  prefent 


i8     Obferv. upon feveral Plants  TradlL 

prefentyEgyptians,  who  are  obferved  by 
Alpinus  to  be  the  fatteft  Nation,  and  Men 
to*  have  Breafts  Uke  Women,  owe  much, 
*  as  he  conceiveth,  unto  the  Water  of  Nile, 
and  their  Diet  of  Rice,  Peafe,  Lentils  and 
white  Cicers.  The  Pulfe-eating  Cynicks 
and  Stoicks,  are  all  very  long  livers  in  La- 
ertius.  And  Daniel  muft  not  be  accounted 
of  {tw  years,  who,  being  carried  away 
Captive  in  the  Reign  of  Joachim,  by  King 
Nebuchadnezzar,  lived,  by  Scripture  ac- 
count, unto  the  firft  year  of  Cyrus.   , 

Jacobs  Roi/.  i^.  And  Jacob  took  Rods  cf  green  Pop-- 
en.  30. 31.  ^^^^  ^^j  of  the  Hazel  and  the  Chefnut  Tree, 
and  pilled  white  ftreaks  in  them,  and  made 
the  white  appear  which  was  in  the  Rods,&cc, 
Men  multiply  the  Philofopliy  of  Jacob, 
who,  befide  the  benedidion  of  God,  and 
the  powerfull  effed:s  of  imagination,  .rai- 
fed  in  the  Goats  and  Sheep  from  pilled  and 
j)arty-coloured  objed:s,  conceive  that  he 
chofe  out  thefe  particular  Plants  above 
any  other,  becaufe  he  underftood  they 
had  a  particular  virtue  unto  the  intended 

■  ^  „        effefts,  accordins;  unto  the  conception  of 

Froblem,2oo.    Georgtus  Venetus. 

Whereto  you  will  hardly  aflent,  at 
lead  till  you  be  better  fatisfied  and  aflii- 
red  concerning  the  true  fpecies  of  the 
Plants  intended  in  the  Text,  or  find  a 
dearer  confent  and  uniformity  in  the 

Tranf- 


Trad:!,  mention d i7i  Scripture.  ip 

Tranflatioi|j  For  what  we  render  Poplar, 
Hazel  andthefnut,  the  Greek  tranflateth 
Vtrgam  flyracinam,  nucinam^  platanina'm^ 
which  fome  alfo  render  a  Pomegranate: 
and  fo  obferving  this  variety  of  interpre- 
tations concerning  common  and  known 
PHhts  among  us,  you  may  more  reafona- 
bly  doubt,  with  what  propriety  or  affu- 
rance  others  lefs  known  be  fometimes  ren* 
dred  unto  us.       , 

17.  Whether  in  the  Sermon  of  thQ.L[i^esofiy 
Mount,  the  Lilies  of  the  Field  did^'j|f*^^  2». 
point  at  the  proper  Lilies,  or  whether 
thofe  Flowers  grew  wild  in  the  placd 
where  our  Saviour  preached,  fome  doubt 
may  be  made:  becaufe  K^^lvov  the  word  in 
that  place  is  accounted  ot  the  fame  figni- 
fication  with  Aok^iov,  and  that  in  Homer  is 
taken  for  all  manner  of  fpecious  Flowers : 
fo  received  by  Euftachius,  Hefychius,  and 
the  Scholiaft  upon  Apoilonius  Rhodius,  Kcx- 
f^Ay  7a  av^  A&i^ict  Mytflzi.  And  K^ivop 
•is  alfo  received  in  the  fame  latitude,  not 
-Signifying  onely  Lilies,  but  applied  unto 
Daffodils,  Hyacinths,  If  is's,  and  the  Flow- 
ers of  Colocynthis, 

Under  the  like  latitude  of  acception, 
are  many  exprefTions  in  the  Canticles  to 
be  received.     And  when  it  is  faid  he  fe-e- 
'deth  among  the  Lilies,  therein  may  be  al- 
fo implied  other  fpecious  Flowers,  not  ex- 
C  %  eluding 


20     Obferv.uponfeveral  Plants  Tract  I. 

eluding  the  proper  Lilies.  But  in  that  ex- 
preffion,  the  Lilies  drop  forth  Myrrhe,  nei- 
ther proper  Lilies  nor  proper  Myrrhe  can  be 
apprehended,  the  one  not  proceeding  from 
the  other,  but  may  be  received  in  a  Meta- 
phorical fenfe :  and  in  fome  latitude  may 
be  alfo  made  out  from  the  rofcid  and^o- 
ney  drops  obfervable  in  the  Flowers  of 
Martagon,  and  inverted  flowred  Lilies, 
and,  'tis  like,  is  the  (landing  fweet  Dew  on 
the  white  eyes  of  the  Crown  Imperial, 
*  now  common  among  us. 

And  the  proper  Lily  may  be  intended 
in  that  exprefTion  of  i  A'/f^gs  7.  that  the 
brazen  Sea  was  of  the  thicknefs  of  a  hand 
breadth,  and  the  brim  hke  a  Lily.  For 
the  figure  of  that  Flower  being  round  at 
the, bottom,  and  fomewhat  repandous,  or 
inverted  at  the  top,  doth  handfomely  il- 
luftrate  the  comparifon. 
Cant  2.  But  that  the  Lily  of  the  Valley,  men- 

tiond  in  the  Canticles,  I  am  the  Rofe  of 
Sharon,  and  the  Lily  of  the  Valleys,  is  that 
Vegetable  which  palleth  under  the  fame 
name  with  us,  that  is  Lilium  conva/Iium, 
or  the  May  Lily,  you  will  more  hardly 
believe,  who  know  with  what  infatisfac- 
tion  the  mofl:  learned  Botanifts,  reduce  that 
Pbnt  unto  any  defcribed  by  the  Ancients ; 
that  Anguillara  will  have  it  to  be  the  Oe- 
nanthe  oi  Athenam,  Cord  us  the  Pothos  of 

Theo- 


Tracft  I.  merit  ion  (I  in  Scripture.  2 1 

Theophrajtus ;  and  Lohelius  that  the  Greeks 
had  not  defcribed  it;  who  find  not  fi-xLeaves 
in  the  Flower  agreeably  to  all  Lilies,  but 
onely  fix  finall  divifions  in  the  Flower, 
who  find  it  alfo  to  have  a  fingle,  and  no 
bulbous  Root,  nor  Leaves  fliooting  about 
the  bottom,  nor  the  Stalk  round,  but  an- 
gular. And  that  the  learned  Bauhinus 
hath  not  placed  it  in  the  Cladis  of  Lilies, 
but  nervitolious  Plants. 

1 8.  Doth  he  not  caft  ahroad  the  Fitches,  Fitches, 
and  fcatter  the  Cummin  Seed,  and  caft  /^i„ifa,28.2<. 
the  principal  Wheat ,    and  the  appointed 
Barley,  and  the  Rye  in  their  place  :  Here- 
in though  the  fenfe  may  hold  under  the   . 
names  a/figned,  yet  is  it  not  fo  eafie  to  de- 
termine the  particular  Seeds  and  Grains, 
where  the  obfcure  original  caufeth  fuch 
differing  Tranflations.     For  in  the  Vulgar 
we  meet  with  Milium  and  Gith,  which 
our  Tranflation  declineth;  placing  Fitches 
for  Gith,  and  Rye  for  Milium  or  Millet, 
which  notwithftanding  is  retained  by  the 
Dutch. 

That  it  might  be  Melanthium,  NigeSa, 
or  Gith,  may  be  allowably  apprehended, 
from  the  frequent  ufe  of  the  Seed  thereof 
among  the  Jews  and  other  Nations,  as  al- 
fo from  the  Tranflation  of  Tremellius ; 
and  the  Original  implying  a  black  Seed, 
which  is  lefs  than  Cummin,  as,  out  of 
C  3  Alen 


2  2     Ob  few .  upon  fever  al  Plants  Tradt  I. 

Ahen  'Ezra,  Buxtorfim  hath  expounded  it. 
But  whereas  Milium  or  KePi^^o^  of  tlie 
Septuagint  is  by  ours  rendred  Rye,  there 
is  Uttle  fimilitude  or  affinity  between  thofe 
Grains ;  For  Milium  is  more  agreeable  un- 
.  to  Spelt  a  or  Efpaut,  as  the  Dutch  and  others 
fill]  render  it. 

That  we  meet  fo  often  with  Cummin 
Seed  in  many  parts  of  Scripture  in  refe- 
rence unto  Judcea ,  a  Seed  fo  abominable 
at  prefent  unto  our  Palates  and  Noftrils, 
will  not  feem  ftrange  unto  any  who  con- 
fider  the  frequent  ufe  thereof  among  the 
Ancients,  not  onely  in  medical  but  diete- 
tical  ufe  and  pradlice:  For  their  Diflies 
were  filled  therewith,  and  the  noblefl  fe- 
llival  preparations  in  Aficius  were  not 
without  it :  And  even  in  the  Tolenta,  and* 
parched  Corn,  the  old  Diet  of  the  Romans, 
(as  Tliny  recorder h)  unto  every  Meafure 
they  mixed.a  fmall  proportion  of  Lin-feed 
and  Cummin^feed. 

And  fo  Cummin  is  juftly  fet  down  a- 
mong  things  of  vulgar  and  common  ufe, 
when  it  is  faid  in  Matthew  23.  v.  23.  Tou 
pay  Tithe  of  Mint,  Annife  and  Cummin : 
but  how  to  make  out  the  tranflation  of 
Annife  we  are  ftill  to  feek,  there  being  no 
word  in  that  Text  which  properly  fignifi- 
eth  Annife :  the  Original  being  ^km^v^ 
which  the  Latins  call  Anethum ,  and  is 
properly  englifliecj  Dill.  Th^t 


Tradl  L  mention  d  in  Scripture.  23 

That  among  many  expreffions,  allufions 
and  illuftrations  made  in  Scripture  from 
Corns,  there  is  no  mention  made  of  Oats, ' 
fo  ufefuU  a  Grain  among  us,  will  not  feem 
very  (Iran ge  unto  you,  tiJl  you  can  clearly 
difcover  that  it  was  a  Grain  of  ordinary 
life  in  thofe  parts ;  who  may  alfo  find  that 
Theophrajlusy  who  is  large  about  other 
Grains,  delivers  very  little  of  it.  That 
Diofcorides  is  alfo  very  fliort  therein.  And 
Galen  delivers  that  it  was  of  fome  ufe  in 
Afia  minor,  efpecially  in  Myfiay  and  that 
ratlier  for  Beafts  than  Men :  And  Pliny 
affirmeth  that  the  Pulticula  thereof  was 
moft  in  ufe  among  the  Germans.  Yet 
that  the  Jews  were  not  without  all  ufe  of 
this  Grain  feems  confirmable  from  the 
Rabbinical  account,who  reckon  fiveGrains 
liable  unto  their  Offerings,  whereof  the 
Cake  prefented  might  be  made ;  that  is. 
Wheat,  Oats,  Rye,  and  two  forts  of 
Barley. 

19.  Why  the  Difciples  being  hungry  E^no/ corn, 
pluck'd  the  Ears  of  Corn,  it  feems  ftrange  '^^"^  "•  '• 
to  us,  who  obferve  that  men  half  ftarved 
betake  not  themfelves  to  fuch  fuppJy ; 
except  we  confider  the  ancient  Diet  of 
Alphtton  and  Polenta ,  the  Meal  of  dried 
and   parched  (^oxk\,  or  that  which  was 
^£iimXv(5ic„  or  Meal  of  crude  and  unparched     , 
Corn,  wherewith  they  being  well  acquain- 

C  4  ted. 


Z^     Obferv.  ripon  fever  a  I  Plants  Tra6l  I. 

ted,  might  liope  forfome  fatisfadion  from 
the  Corn  yet  m  the  Husk ;  that  is,  from 
•  the  nourilhing  pulp  or  mealy  part  with- 
in it.  • 
Stubble  of        20.  The  inhumane  oppreflion  of  the 
EkoXs, 7,  -Egyptian  Task-mafters,   who,  not  con- 
fee,           tent  with  the  common  tale  of  Brick,  took 
a!fo  from  the  Children  of  Ifrael  their  al- 
lowance of  Straw ,  and  forced   them  to 
gather  Stubble  where  they  could  find  it, 
will  be  more  nearly  apprehended,  if  we 
confider  how  hard  it  was  to  acquire  any 
quantity  of  Stubble  in  ^gypt,  w  here  the 
6ralk  ot  Corn  was  fo  fliort,  that  to  acquire 
an  ordinary  meafure,  it  required  more 
than  ordinary  labour;  as  is  difcoverable 
»  Li*.  18.    from  that  account,   which  *  Pliny  hath 
mt>  Uift,     happily  left  unto  us.    In  the  Corn  gather 'd 
in  ^gypt  the  Straw  is  never  a  Cubit  long  ; 
becaufe  the  Seed  lieth  very  fhallow,  and 
harii  no  other  nourilhment  than  from  the 
Mudd  and  Slime  left  by  the  River ;  For 
under  it  is  nothing  but  Sand  and  Gravel 

So  that  the  exprelTion  of  Scripture  is 
more  Emphatical  than  is  commonly  ap- 
prehended>  when  'tis  fai3,  7'i^e  people  were 
fcattered  abroad  through  all  the  Land  of 
^gypt  to  gather  Stubble  inflead  of  Straw, 
For  the  Stubble  being  very  fliort,  the  ac- 
quift  was  difficult ;  a  few  Fields  afforded 
it  not ,  and  they  were  fain  to  wander 

far 


Tradll.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  25 

tar  to  obtain  a  fufficient  quantity  of  it. 

21.  It  is  faid  in  the  SoMg  of  Solomon,  that  Flowers  of 
the  Vines  with  the  tender  Grape  give  a  good^^^^^*^^'^^^ 
fmell..  That  the  Flowers  of  the  Vine  fhould 
be  Emphatically  noted  to  give  a  pleafant 
fmell,  feems  hard  unto  our  Northern 
Noftrils,  which  difcover  not  fuch  Odours, 
and  fmell  them  not  in  full  Vineyards; 
whereas  in  hot  Regions,  and  more  fpread 
and  digefted  Flowers,  a  fweet  iavour  may 
be  allowed,  denotable  from  feveral  hu- 
mane expreflions,  and  the  pra£l:ice  of  the 
Ancients,  in  putting  the  dried  Flo^wers  of 
the  Vine  into  new  Wine  to  give  it  a  pure 
and  flofculous  race  or  fpirit,  which  Wine 
was  therefore  called  Ohivbivovy  allowing 
unto  every  Cadus  two  pounds  of  dried 
Flowers. 

And,  therefore,  the  Vine  flowering  but 
in  the  Spring,  it  cannot  but  feerii  an  im- 
pertinent objection  of  the  Jews,  that  the 
Apoftles  were  fu/l  of  new  Wine  at  Pente- 
cofi  when  it  was  not  to  be  found.  Where- 
fore we  may 'rather  conceive  that  the 
word  '^TMuKAj  in  that  place  implied  not '^Aftt  1.15. 
new  Wine  or  Mufi,  but  fome  generous 
llrong  and  fweet  Wine,  wherein  more 
efpecially  lay  the  power  of  inebriation. 

But  if  it  be  to  be  taken  for  fome  kind 
oiMufl,  it  might  be  fome  kind  oVk^yXiV" 
m^,  or  long-laftingiWi(/?,  which  might  be 

had 


26     Obferv.  upon  feveral  Plants  Tracfll. 

had  at  any  time  of  the  year,  and  which, 
as  Pliny  deUvereth,  they  made  by  hin- 
dring,  and  keeping  the  Muj}  trom  fermen- 
tation or  working,  and  fo  it  kept  foft  and 
fweet  for  no  fmall  time  after. 
The  olive  12.  When  the  Dove,  fent  out  of  the 
Gcf  8.II.  A^'^'  return'd  with  a  green  Olive  Leaf, 
according  tothe  Original :  how  the  Leaf, 
after  ten  Months,  and  under  water,  fhould 
ftill  maintain  a  verdure  or  greennefs,  need 
not  much  amufe  the  Reader,  if  we  confi- 
der  that  the  Olive  Tree  is  'A&i^j;?^ov,  or 
continually  green ;  that  the  Leaves  are  of 
a  bitter  tafte,  and  of  a  faft  and  lafting  fub- 
ftance.  Since  we  alfo  find  frelh  and  green 
Leaves  among  the  Olives  which  we  re- 
ceive from  remote  Countries;  and  fince 
the  Plants  at  the  bottom  of  the  Sea,  and 
on  the  fides  of  Rocks,  maintain  a  deep 
and  frefti  verdure. 

How  the  Tree  fliould  ftand  fo  long  in 
the  Deluge  under  Water,  may  partly  be 
allowed  from  the  uncertain  determination 
of  the  Flows  and  Current's  of  that  time, 
and  the  qualification  of  the  faltnefs  of  the 
Sea,  by  the  admixture  of  frelh  Water, 
when  the  whole  watery  Element  was  to- 
gether. 
IhJilaHifl.       A^^  ^^  "^^y  ^^  fignally  illuftrated  from 
lib.  4,     '  the  like  examples  in  *  Jheophraftus  and 
twiJjf^ia.^^%  in  words  to  this  efFeft:  Even  thQ 

tap*  ultimo^  vCa 


Tradtl.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  27 

Sea  affbrdeth  Shrubs  and  Trees;  In  the 
red  Sea  whole  Woods  do  Hve,  namely  of 
Bays  and  Olives  bearing  Fruit.  The  Soul- 
diers  oi  Alexander,  who  failed  into  India^ 
made  report,  that  the  Tides  were  fo  high 
in  fome  Iflands,  that  they  overflowed,  «nd 
covered  the  Woods,  as  high  as  Plane  and 
Poplar  Trees.  The  lower  fort  wholly, 
the  greater  all  but  the  tops,  whereto  the 
Mariners  faftned  their  Veflels  at  high  Wa- 
ters, and  at  the  root  in  the  Ebb ;  That  the 
Leaves  of  thefe  Sea  Trees  while  under 
water  looked  green,  but  taken  outpre- 
fently  dried  wqth  the  heat  of  the  Sun. 
The  like  is  delivered  by  Theophraflus,  that 
fome  Oaks  do  grow  and  bear  Acrons  un- 
der the  Sea. 

23.  The  Kingdom  of  Hearven  is  like  to  a  Grain  a^ 
grain  of  Mujlard-feed,  which  a  Man  took  f^^^^^^il^^ 
and  f owed  in  his  Field,  which  indeed  is  the  13, 31, 32. 
leaji  of  all  Seeds  ;  hut  when  'tis  grown  is  the 
great eji  among  Herhs,  and  hecometh  a  Tree, 
fo  that  the  Birds  of  the  Air  come  and  lodge 
in  the  Branches  thereof 

Luke  13. 19.  It  is  like  a  grain  of  Mu- 
flard'feed,  which  a  Man  took  and  cafi  it  into 
his  Gar  den,  and  it  waxed  a  great  Tree,  and 
the  Fowls  of  the  Air  lodged  in  the  Branches 
thereof 

This  expre/Tion  by  a  grain  of  Muftard- 
feed,  vv^ill  not  feem  fo  ftrange  unto  you, 

v/bp 


2  8     Obferv.  upon  feveral  Plants  Tradll. 

who  well  confider  it.  That  it  is  fimply 
the  leaft  of  Seeds,  you  cannot  apprehend, 
if  you  have  beheld  the  Seeds  of  Rapuncu- 
lu6,  Marjorane,  Tobacco,  and  the  fmalleft 
Seed  of  Lunaria, 

But  you  may  well  under ftand  it  to  be  the 
fmalleft  Seed  among  Herbs  which  pro- 
duce f^  big  a  Plant,  or  the  leaft  of  her- 
bal Plants,  which  arife  unto  fuch  a  pro- 
portion, implied  in  the  expreffion;  the 
fmalleft  of  Seeds  j  and  become  th  the  great  eft 
of  Herbs. 

And  you  may  alfo  grant  that  it  is  the 
fmalleft  of  Seeds  of  Plants  apt  to  ^i/^ei- 
^Gtv,  arbor efcere^  frutkefcere,  or  to  grow 
unto  a  ligneous  fubftance,  and  from  an 
herby  and  oleraceous  Vegetable ,  to  be- 
come a  kind  of  Tree,  and  to  be  accoun- 
ted among  the  Dendrolachana,  or  Arboro^ 
leracea ;  as  upon  ftrong  Seed,  Culture  and 
good  Ground,  is  obfervable  in  fome  Cab- 
bages, Mallows,  and  many  more,  and 
therefore  exprefled  by  yvilcti  to  ^v^^qv^ 
and  yviloLi  d<;  to  Siv^^ov,  it  becometh  a 
Tree,  or  arborefcit,  as  Beza  rendreth  it. 

Nor  if  warily  confidered  doth  the  ex- 
preflion  contain  fuch  difficulty.  For  the 
Parable  may  not  ground  it  felf  upon  gene^ 
rals,  or  imply  any  or  every  grain  of  Mu- 
ftard,  but  point  at  fuch  a  grain  as  from 
its  fertile  fpirit,  and  other  concurrent  ad- 
vantages, 


Tradt  I.  meyitiond  in  Scripture.  2^ 

vantages,  hath  the  fuccefs  to  become  ar- 
boreous, flioot  intofuch  a  magnitude,  and 
acquire  the  like  tallnefs.  And  unto  fuch 
a  Grain  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven  is  like- 
ned which  from  fuch  flender  beginnings 
ihall  find  fuch  increafe  and  grandeur. 

The  expreffion  alfo  that  it  might  grow 
into  fuch  dimenfions  that  Birds  might 
lodge  in  the  Branches  thereof,  may  be  li- 
terally conceived ;  if  we  allovv  the  luxuri- 
ancy  of  Plants  in  Judaa,  above  our  Nor- 
thern Regions ;  If  we  accept  of  but  half 
the  Story  taken  notice  of  by  Tremellilis, 
from  the  Jerufalem  Talmud,  of  a  Muftard 
Tree  that  was  to  be  climbed  like  a  Figg 
Tree ;  and  of  another,  under  whofe  fhade 
a  Potter  daily  wrought:  and  it  may  fome- 
what  abate  our  doubts,  if  we  take  in  the 
advertifement  of  ^Herodotus  concerning 
lefler  Plants  oi  Milium  and  Sefamum  in  the 
Babylonian  Soil:  Milium  ac  Sefamum  in 
proceritatem  inftar  arhorum  crefcere  y  etfi 
mihi  compertum,  tamen  memorare  fuperfe- 
deo,  pro  he  fciens  eis  qui  nunquam  Balyloni- 
am  regionem  adierunt  perquam  incredihile 
vifum  iri.  We  may  likewife  confider  that 
the  word  }(cii1ct7)CY\vco(nti  doth  not  neceflarily 
fignifie  making  a  Nejl,  but  rather  fitting, 
roofling,  covering  and  refting  in  the 
Boughs,  according  as  the  fame  word  is^^p^j^ 
ufed  by  the  Septuagint in  other  places  "^  aspf.  i.i4.'i2, 

the 


30     Ohferv,  upon  [ever al  Plants  TradlL 

the  Vulgar  rendreth  it  in  this,  inhahtant, 
as  our  Tranflation,  lodgeth,  and  the  Rhe- 
miili,  rejleth  in  the  Blanches. 
the  Rod  of        24.  And  it  came  to  pafs  that  on  the  mor- 
Numb!  17.8.  ^^^  Mofes  went  into  the  Tabernacle  of  wit- 
nefs^  and  behold  the  Rod  of  Aaron  for  the 
Houfe  of  Levi   was   budded ^  and  brought 
forth  Buds  y  and  bloomed  Bloffomes ,  and 
yielded  Almonds,     In  the  contention  of 
the  Tribes  and  decifion  of  priority  and 
primogeniture  of  Aaron,  declared  by  the 
Rod,  which  in  a  night  budded,  flowred 
and  brought  forth  Almonds,  you  cannot 
but  apprehend  a  propriety  in  the  Miracle 
from  that  fpecies  of  Tree  which  leadeth 
in  the  Vernal  germination  of  the  year, 
•unto  all  the  Clafles  of  Trees ;  and  fo  ap- 
prehend how  properly  in  a  night  and  ihort 
fpace  of  time  the  Miracle  arofe,  and  forae- 
what  anfwerable  unto  its  nature  the  Flow- 
ers and  Fruit  appeared  in  this  precocious 
*  Shacher    Tree,  and  whofe  original  Name  ^  implies 
{'jj^r  fcfti-    f^^h  fpeedy  efflorefcence,  as  in  its  proper 
BUS  fuit  or    nature  flowering  in  February ,  and  Ihewing 
ir.aturuit.      j^^  ^XvilX.  in  March, 

This  confideration  of  that  Tree  maketh 
the  expreflion  in  Jeremy  more  Emphatical, 
ler.  I.  II.  when 'tis  faid.  What  feefl  thou^  and  he 
faid,  A  Rod  of  an  Almond  Tree.  Then 
faid  the  Lord  unto  me,  Thou  haft  well  fe en, 
for  I  will  haflen  the  Word  to  perform  it, 

I  will 


Trad:  I.  vientiond  in  Scripure.  §  i 

I  will  be  quick  and  forward  like  the  Al- 
mond Tree,  to  produce  the  effefts  of  my 
word,  and  haften  to  difplay  my  judgments 
upon  them. 

And  we  may  hereby  more  eafily  appre- 
hend the  expreiTion  in  Ecclefeaftes;  lVfje»EcckCi2,$: 
the  Almond  Tree  jhall  flourijh.  That  is 
when  the  Head,  which  is  the  prime  part, 
and  firft  Iheweth  it  felf  in  the  world,  ihall 
grow  white,  like  the  Flowers  of  the  Al- 
mond Tree,  whofe  Fruit,  ^'^Athencem^^- 
livereth,  was  firft  called  Kx^mov,  or  the 
Head,  from  fome  refemblance  and  cove- 
ring parts  of  it. 

How  properly  the  priority  was  confir- 
med by  a  Rod  or  Stafl^  and  why  the  Rods 
and  Staf?s  of  the  Princes  were  chofen  for 
this  decifion,  Philologifts  will  confider. 
For  thefe  were  the  badges,  figns  and  cog- 
nifances  of  their  places,  and  were  a  kind  of 
Sceptre  in  their  hands,  denoting  their  fu- 
pereminencies.  The  Staff  of  Divinity  is 
ordinarily  defcribed  in  the  hands  of  Gods 
and  Goddefles  in  old  draughts.  Trojan 
and  Grecian  Princes  were  not  without  the 
like,  whereof  the  Shoulders  of  Therfites  - 
*fek  from  the  hands  of  Vlyjfes,  Achilles 
in  Homer,  as  by  a  defperate  Oath,  fwears 
by  his  wooden  Sceptre,  which  fhould  ne- 
ver bud  nor  bear  Leaves  again;  which 
feeming  the  greateft  impoffibility  to  him, 

advan- 


32     Obferv.upn  fever al  Plants  Tra6l  L 

advanceth  the  Miracle  of  Aarons  Rod.  j 
And  if  it  could  be  well  made  out  that  Ho- 
mer  had  feen  the  Books  of  Mofes,  in  that 
expreflion  oi Achilles,  he  might  allude  un- 
to this  Miracle. 

That  power  which  propofed  the  expe- 
riment by  Blollbmes  in  the  Rod,  added 
alfo  the  Fruit  of  Almonds ;  the  Text  not 
ftridlly  making  out  the  Leaves,  and  fo 
omitting  the  middle  germination  :  the 
Leaves  properly  coming  after  the  Flowers, 
and  before  the  Almonds.  And  therefore  if 
you  have  well  perufed  Medals,  you  cannot 
but  obferve  how  in  the  imprefs  of  many 
Shekels,  which  pafs  among  us  by  the  name 
of  the  Jerujakm  Shekels,  the  Rod  oi  Aaron 
is  improperly  laden  with  many  Leaves, 
whereas  that  which  is  fliewn  under  the 
name  of  the  Samaritan  Shekel  feems  mofi: 
conformable  unto  the  Text,  which  defcri- 
beth  the  Fruit  without  Leaves. 
The  Vine  in  xj.  Binding  his  Foal  unto  the  Vine^  and 
Gen.  49.  II.  IjI^  Affes  Colt  unto  the  choice  Vine, 

That  Vines,  which  are  commonly  fup- 
ported,  fliould  grow  fo  large  and  bulky, 
as  to  be  fit  to  laden  their  Juments,  and 
Beads  of  labour  unto  them,  may  feem  a 
hard  expreflion  unto  many :  which  not- 
withftanding  may  eafily  be  admitted,  if 
we  confider  the  account  of  Tliny,  that  in 
many  places  out  of  Italy  Vines  do  grow 

with- 


Tradt  i.  mention  i  in  Scripture.  53 

without  any  flay  or  fupport :  nor  will  it 
be  otherwife  conceived  of  lufty  Vines,  if 
we  call  to  mind  how  the  fame  *  Authour  *PHn.//3.i4. 
delivereth,  that  the  Statua  of  Jupiter  was 
made  out  of  a  Vine ;  and  that  out  of  one 
fingle  Cyprian  Vine  a  Scale  or  Ladder  was 
made  that  reached  unto  the  Roof  of  the 
Temple  of  Diana  at  Epbefus, 

.  26.  /  was  exalted  as  a  Palm  Tree  in  En-  ^ofe  of  Jc- 
gaM,  and  as  a   Rofe  Plant  in  Jericho.  ^ccuJs.  24r. 
That  the  Rofe  of  Jericho,  or  that  Plant  14.    '    * 
which  pafleth  among  us  under  that  deno- 
mination, was  fignified  in  this  Text,  you 
are  not  likd  to  apprehend   with  fome, 
who  alfo  name  it  the  Rofe  of  S,  Mary, 
and  deliver,  that  it  openeth  the  Branches, 
and  Flowers  upon  the  Eve  of  our  Saviour  s 
Nativity :  But  rather  conceive  it  fome  pro- 
per kind  of  Rofe,  which  thrived  and  pro- 
ipered  in  Jericho  more  than  in  the  neigh- 
bour Countries.     For  our  Rofe  of  Jericho 
is  a  very  low  and  hard  Plant,  a  few  in- 
ches above  the  ground  ;    one  whereof 
brought  from  Judcea  I  have  kept  by  me 
many  years,  nothing  refembling  a  Role 
Tree,  either  in  Flowers,  Branches,  Leaves 
or  Gorwth ;  and  fo,-  improper  to  anAver 
the  Emphatical  word  of  exaltation  in  the 
Text :  growing  not  onely  about  Jericho^ 
but  other  parts  of  Judcea  and  Arabia,  as 
Eellonim  bath  obferved :  which  being  ^ 
D  drk 


54     Obferv.upon  fever al  Plants  Tradtl. 

drie  and  ligneous  Plant,  is  preferved  ma- 
ny years,  and  though  crumpled  and  furd- 
led  up,  yet,  if  infufed  in  Water,  will  fweli 
and  difplay  its  parts. 
Turpentine         27.    Quaji  Terehinthus  extendi  ramos, 
cuw.  24^15".  ^^'^^  it  is  (aid  in  the  fame  Chapter,  as  a 
Turpentine  tree  have  I  Jiretched  out  my 
Branches :  it  will  not  feem  ftrange  unto 
fuch  as  have  either  feen  that  Tree,  or  exa- 
mined its  defcription:  For  it  is  a  Plant 
that  widely  difplayeth  its  Branches  :  And 
though  in  fome  European  Countries  it  be 
.    but  of  a  low  and  fruticeous  growth,  yet 
»  Terebin-    Pliny  '^  obfcrveth  that  it  is  great  in  Syria, 
cedoi?a^?u.  a,nd  fo  allowably,  or  at  leaft  not  impro- 
ticat^in  Sy-  perly  mentioned  in  the  expreflion  oi-^Ho- 
^%'lLb^i   y^^ according  to  the  Vulgar  Tranflation. 
Plin.  Super  capita  montium  facrificant,  &c.  fuh 

t  Hofca.  4,    quercUy  populo  &  terehinthoy  quoniam  bona 
^^*  efl  umhra  ejus.     And   this  diflufion  and 

fpreading  of  its  Branches,  hath  afforded 
the  Proverb  of  Terebintho  fiultior ,  appli- 
^  able  unto  arrogant  or  boafting  perfons, 
who  fpread  and  difplay  their  own  afts,  as 
Erafmus  hath  obferved. 
Pomegranate      a 8.  It  is  faid  in  our  TranHation.     Saul 
^'^^^^^'^^'  tarried  in  the  uppermojl  parts  of  Giheah, 
under  a  Pomegranate  Tree  which  is  in  Mi' 
gron :  and  the  people  which  were  with  him 
were  about  fix  hundred  men.     And  when 
it  is  faid  in  fome  Latin  Tranflations,  Saul 

mora- 


Tra6t  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  35 

moralatur  fipco  tentono  fuh  Malogranato, 
you  will  not  be  ready  to  take  it  in  the  com- 
mon literal  fenfe,  who  know  that  a  Pome- 
granate Tree  is  but  low  of  growth,  and 
very  unfit  to  pitch  a  Tent  under  it ;  and 
ma/  rather  apprehend  it  as  the  name  of  a 
place,  or  the  Rock  of  Rimmon,  or  Pome-  . 
granate;   fo  named  from  Pomegranates 
which  grew  there,  and  which  many  think  i  jy^g^s  ^^^ 
to  have  been  the  fame  place  mentioned  in  4<,  47. 
-"  Judges,  CL21.13. 

X9.  It  is  faid  in  the  Book  of  Wifedom,  f^^^^J^'^^' 
Where  water  flood  before ^  drie  land  appea-  ,j.  y, 
red,  and  out  of  the  red  Sea  a  way  appeared 
without  impediment f  and  out  of  the  violent 
fir  earns  a  green  Field ;  or  as  the  Latin  ren- 
ders it,  Campus  germinans  de  profundo : 
whereby  it  feems  implied  that  the  Ifrae-         ^ 
lites  paffed  over  a  green  Field  at  the  bot-     ^ 
tom  of  the  Sea :  and  though  moft  would 
have  this  but  a  Metaphorical  expreflion, 
yet  may  it  be  literally  tolerable  ,•  and  fo 
may  be  fafely  apprehended  by  thofe  that 
fenfibly  know  what  great  number  of  Ve- 
getables (as  the  feveral  varieties  of  ^/g^'s. 
Sea  Lettuce y  Phafganium,  Conferua,  Caulis 
Marina,  Ahies,  Erica,  Tamarice ,   divers 
forts  of  MufcuSy  Fucus,  Quercus  Marina  and 
Corallins)  are  found  at  the  bottom  of  the 
Sea.     Since  it  is  alfo  now  well  known, 
that  the  Weftern  Ocean,  for  many  degrees-, 

D  2,  is 


^6     Obferv.  upon  fever  a  I  plants  Trad:  I. 

is  covered  with  Sargajfo  or  Lentkula  Ma- 
rina, and  found  to  arife  from  the  bottom 
of  that  Sea ;  fince,  upon  the  coaft  of  Tro- 
'Vence  by  the  Ifles  of  Eres,  there  is  a  part 
of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  called  la  Prery, 
or  the  Meadowy  Sea,  from  the  bottom 
thereof  fo  plentifully  covered  with  Plants : 
fince  vaft  heaps  of  Weeds  are  found  in  the 
Bellies  of  fome  Whales  taken  in  the  Nor- 
thern Ocean,  and  at  a  great  diftance  from 
the  Shore:  And  fince  the  providence  of 
Nature  hath  provided  this  (helter  for  mi- 
nor Fifties ;  both  for  their  fpawn,  and  fafe- 
ty  of  their  young  ones.  And  this  might 
be  more  peculiarly  allowed  to  be  fpoken 
of  the  Red  Sea,  fince  the  Hebrews  named 
kSuph,  or th^Weedy Sea:  and,  alfo,  fee- 
ing Theophraflm  and  Vl'tny,  obferving  the 
growth  of  Vegetables  under  water,  have 
made  their  chief  illuftrations  from  thofe 
in  the- Red  Sea. 
m^ite.  30.  You  will  readily  difcover  how 
widely  they  are  miftaken,  who  accept 
the  Sycamore  mention'd  in  feveral  parts 
of  Scripture  for  tlie  Sycamore,  or  Tree  of 
that  denomination,  with  us :  which  is  pro- 
perly but  one  kind  or  difference  diAcer, 
and  bears  no  Fruit  with  any  refemblance 
unto  a  Figg. 

But  you  will  rather,  thereby,  appre- 
hend the  true  and  genuine  Sycamore,  or 

Sycami' 


Trail  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture,  37 

Sjcaminus,  which  is  a  llranger  in  our  parts. 
A  Tree  (  according  to  the  defcription  of 
Theophraflus,  Diojcorides  and  Galen)  re- 
fembUng  a  Mulberry  Tree  in  the  Leaf,  but 
in  the  Fruit  a  Figg;  which  it  produceth 
not  in  the  Twiggs  but  in  the  Trunqjcor 
greater  Branches,  anfwerable  to  the  Syca- 
more  oi  /Egypt,  the  iiigyptian  Figg  or 
Giamez  of  the  Arabians,  defcribed  by 
Profper  Alp'tms,  with  a  Leaf  fomewhat 
broader  than  a  Mulberry,  and  in  its  Fruit 
like  a  Figg.  Infomuch  that  fome  have 
fancied  it  to  have  had  its  firft  production 
from  a  Figg  Tree  grafted  on  a  Mulber- 
ry. 

ft  is  a  Tree  common  in  Judaea,  where- 
of they  made  frequent  ufe  in  Buildings  ^ 
and  fo  underftood,  it  explaineth  that  ex- 
prefTion  in  ^  Ifaiah :  Sycamori  excifi  funt^  ♦  Ifa.  9. 10," 
Cedrosjuhflitiiemus.  The  Bricks  are  fallen 
down,  we:  voill  huild  with  he  wen  Stones  : 
The  Sycamores  are  cut  down,  hut  we  will 
change  them  into  Cedars, 

It  is  a  broad  fpreading  Tree,  not  onely 
fit  for  Walks,  Groves  and  Shade,  but  al- 
fo  affording  profit.     And  therefore  it  is 
faid  that  King  f  David  appointed  Baalha- 1 1  chron. 
nan  to  be  over  his  Olive  Trees  and  Syca-  ^''  ^^' 
mores,  which  were  in  great  plenty  ;  and 
it  is  accordingly  delivered,  ||  that  Solomon  II  « King,  lo. 
made  Cedars  to  he  as  the  Sycamore  Trees  ^^* 

D  3  that 


38     Ohjerv.  upon  fever al  Plants  Tradt  1 

that  are  in  the  Vale  for  ahundance.  That 
is,  he  planted  many,  though  they  did  not 
come  to  perfection  in  his  days. 

And  as  it  grew  plentifully  about  the 
plains,  fo  was  the  Fruit  good  for  Food ; 
and,  as  Bellonius  and  late  accounts  de- 
liver, very  refrefhing  unto  Travellers  in 
thofe  hot  and  drie  Countries :  whereby 

?^mps7.i4.  the  expreflion  of  '^  Amos  becomes  more  in- 
telligible, when  he  faid  he  was  an  Herdf- 
wan,  and ,  a  gatherer  of  Sycamore  Fruit. 

tPfal.78.    And  -the  expreflion  of  f  David  alfo  be- 

^^'  comes  more  Emphatical;   He  deftroyed 

their  Fines  with  Hail,  and  their  Sycamore 
trees  with  Frofi.  That  is,  their  Sicmoth 
in  the  Original,  a  word  in  the  found  not 
far  from  the  Sycamore. 

Illuk.  17.  <5.  Thus  when  it  is  faid,  |1  If  ye  had  Faith 
as  a  grain  of  Mujlard-feed,  ye  might  fay  un- 
to this  Sycamine  Tree,  Be  thou  plucked  up 
ly  the  roots,  and  he  thou  placed  in  the  Sea, 
and  it  Jhould  obey  you :  it  might  be  more 
'  fignificantly  fpoken   of  this.  Sycamore ; 

this  being  defcribed  to  be  Arlor  vafla,  a 
large  and  well  rooted  Tree,  whofe  remo- 
val was  more  difficult  than  many  others. 
And  fo  the  inftance  in  that  Text,  is  very 
properly  made  in  the  Sycamore  Tree,  one 
'  of  the.largeft  and  lefs  removable  Trees  a- 
inong  them.  A  Tree  fo  lading  and  well 
jrooted,  that  the  Sycamore  which  Zacheus 
"'^""  '    "     '  ^  alcen- 


Trad:  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture,  5^ 

afcended,  is  ftill  ftiewn  in  Judaa  unto 
Travellers;  as  alfo  the  hollow  Sycamore  . 
at  Maturaea  In  y€gypt,  where  the  blefled 
Virgin  is  faid  to  have  remained :  which 
though  it  reliflieth  of  the  Legend,  yet  it 
plainly  declareth  what  opinion  they  had 
of  the  lafling  condition  of  that  Tree,  to 
countenance  the  Tradition  ;  for  which 
they  might  not  be  without  fome  experi- 
ence, fince  the  learned  defcriber  of  the 
*  Pyramides  obferveth,  that  the  old  -^gyp-'^  D.Grcavef, 
tians  made  Coffins  of  this  Wood,  which  he 
found  yet  frefli  and  undecayed  among  di- 
vers of  their  Mummies. 

And  thus,  alfo,  when  Zachem  climbed 
up  into  a  Sycamore  above  any  other  Tree, 
this  being  a  large  and  fair  one,  it  can- 
not be  denied  that  he  made  choice  of  a 
proper  and  advantageous  Tree  to  look 
down  upon  our  Saviour. 

31.  Whether  the  expreflion  of  our  Si- increafe  of 
yiour  in  the  Parable  of  the  Sower,  and  irhe  i]^fi^''^;^^^ 
increafe  of  the  Seed  mtd  thirty,  Jixty  and  l^,  25.  ^ 
a  hundred  fold ,  had  any  reference  unto 
the  ages  of  Believers,  and  meafures  of  their 
Faith,  as  Children,  Young  and  Old  Per- 
fons,  as  to  beginners,  well  advanced  and 
flrongly  confirmed  Chriftians^  as  learned 
men  have  hinted;  or  whether  in  this  pro- 
grelTional  aflent  there  were  any  latent 
Myfteries,  as  the  myftical  Interpreters  of 
P  4  Num- 


40     Ohferv.uf  on  [ever al  Plants  TraAI, 

Numbers  may  apprehend,  I  pretend  not 
to  determine. 

But,  how  this  multiplication  may  well 
be  conceived,  and  in  what  way  apprehen- 
ded, and  that  this  centeffimal  increafe  is 
not  naturally  ftrange,  you  that  are  no 
ft  ranger  in  Agriculture,  old  and  new,  are 
pot  like  to  make  great  doubt. 

That  every  Grain  (hould  produce  an 
Ear  affording  an  hundred  Grains,  is  not 
hke  to  be  their  conjefture  who  behold  the 
growth  of  Corn  in  our  Fields,  wherein  a 
common  Grain  doth  produce  far  lefs  in 
number.  For  Barley  confifting  but  of  two 
Verfus  or  Rows,  feldom  exceedeth  twenty 
Grains,  that  is,  ten  upon  each  2m;^o^,  or 
Row ;  Rye,  of  a  fquare  figure,  is  very 
fruitfuU  at  forty :  Wheat,  befides  the  Frit 
and  Vruncus,  or  imperfeft  Grains  of  the 
fmall  Husks  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the 
Ear,  is  fruitfuU  at  ten  treble  Gluma  or 
Husks  in  a  Row ,  each  containing  but 
three  Grains  in  breadth,  if  the  middle 
Grain  arriveth  at  all  to  perfeftion ;  and 
fp  maketh  up  threefcore  Grains  in  both 
fides. 

Yet  even  this  centeflimal  fruftification 

may  be  admitted  in  fome  forts  of  Cerea- 

'     IJa,  and  Grains  froni  one  Ear :  if  we  take 

in  the  Tritkum  centigrapuniy  or  fertilijfi- 

^m  ?//»if,  Indian  ^heat,  and  Panktim; 

which^ 


Tradt  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  41 

which,  in  every  Ear,  containeth  hundreds 
of  Grains. 

But  this  increafe  may  eafily  be  concei- 
ved of  Grains  in  their  total  multiplication, 
in  good  and  fertile  ground,  fince,  if  every 
Grain  of  Wheat  produceth  but  three  Ears, 
the  increafe  will  arife  above  that  number. 
Nor  are  we  without  examples  of  fome 
grounds  which  have  produced  many  more 
Ears,  and  above  this  centeflimal  increafe : 
As  Pliny  hath  left  recorded  of  the  Byza- 
cian  Field  in  Africa,  Mifit  ex  eo  loco  Pro- 
curator  ex  uno  quaJraginta  minus  germina, 
Mifit  &  Neroni  pariter  tercentum  quaJra- 
ginta fiipulosy  ex  uno  grano.  Cum  centef- 
fimos  quid  em  Leontini  Sicilian  campi  fundunt^ 
aliique,  &  tota  Boetica,  &  imprimis  y£- 
gyptus.  And  even  in  our  own  Country, 
trom  one  Grain  of  Wheat  fowed  in  a  Gar- 
den, I  have  numbred  many  more  than  an 
hundred. 

And  though  many  Grains  are  common- 
ly loft  which  come  not  to  fprouting  or 
earing,  yet  the  fame  is  alfo  verified  in. 
meafure ;  as  that  one  Buftiel  Ihould  pro- 
duce a  hundred,  as  is  exemplified  by  the 
Corn  in  Gerar ;  "*"  Then  Ifaac  fowed  in  that  *  Gcn.25. 
Land,  and  received  in  that  year  an  hundred  '*• 
fold.  That  is,  as  the  Chaldee  explaineth  it, 
a  hundred  for  one,  when  he  meafured  it 
And  this  Pliny  feems  to  intend,  when  he 

jfaitl^ 


42  Obferv.uponfeveral  Plants  Tradtl. 
faith  of  the  fertile  Byzacian  Territory  be- 
fore mentioned,  Ex  uno  centeni  ^uinqua- 
ginta  modii  reddmtur.  And  may  be  fa- 
vourably apprehended  of  the  fertility  of 
fome  grounds  in  Poland;  wherein,  after 
the  account  oiGaguinta,  from  Rye  fowed 
in  Auguft,  come  thirty  or  forty  Ears,  and 
a  Man  on  Horfeback  can  fcarce  look  over 
it.  In  the  Sabbatical  Crop  oi  Judaea,  there 
muft  be  admitted  a  large  increafe,  and 
probably  not  fliort  of  this  centeflimal  mul- 
tiplication :  For  it  fupplied  part  of  the 
fixth  year,  the  whole  feventh,  and  eighth 
until}  the  Harveft  of  that  year. 

The  feven  years  of  plenty  in  ^gypt 

muft  be  of  high  increafe ;  when,  by  fto- 

ring  up  but  the  fifth  part,  they  fupplied 

the  whole  Land,  and  many  of  their  neigh- 

» Gen.  41.   hours  after  :  for  it  is  faid,  *  the  Famine 

5^*  was  in  all  the  Land  about  them.    And 

therefore  though  the  caufes  of  the  Dearth 

in  ^gypt  be  made  out  from  the  defed;  of 

the  overflow  of  NHuSy  according  to  the 

Dream  of  Pharaoh  ;  yet  was  that  no  caufe 

of  the  fcarcity  in  the  Land  of  Canaan, 

which  may  rather  be  afcribed  to  the  want 

of  the  former  and  latter  rains,   for  fome 

fucceeding  years,-   if  their  Famine  held 

time  and  duration  with  that  of  /^gypt ; 

fGen.  <.    ^^  ^^y  ^^  probably  gather'd  from  that 

9,11/    *    cx^tQffionoiJofeph,  '\  Come  down  unto  me 

[into 


Tradl  L  mention  d  in  Scripture.  a -2 

ltnto/^gypt\  and  tarry  not,  and  there  will 
J  nourijh  you :  (for  yet  there  are  five  years 
of  Famine)  left  thou  and  thy  Houfhold, 
and  aU  that  thou  haft  come  to  poverty. 

How  they  preferved  their  Corn  fo  long 
in  ^gypt  may  feem  hard  unto  Northern 
and  moift  Climates,  except  we  confider  the 
many  ways  of  prefervation  practifed  by 
antiquity,  and  alfo  take  in  that  handfome 
account  of  Pliny,  What  Corn  foever  is 
laid  up  in  the  Ear,  it  taketh  no  harm  keep 
it  as  long  as  you  will ;  although  the  beft 
and  mod  afliired  way  to  keep  Corn  is  in 
Caves  and  Vaults  under  ground,  accor- 
ding to  the  pra(3:ice  of  Cappadocta  and 
Thracia.  ♦ 

In  ^gypt  and  Mauritania  above  all 
things  they  look  to  this,  that  their  Gra- 
naries ftand  on  high  ground ;  and  how 
drie  fo  ever  their  Floor  be,  they  lay  a 
courfe  of  Chaffbetwixt  it  and  the  ground. 
Befides,  they  put  up  their  Corn  in  Gra- 
naries and'Binns  together  with  the  Ear. 
And  Varro  delivereth  that  Wheat  laid  up 
in  that  manner  will  laft  fifty  years ;  Mil- 
let an  hundred ;  and  Beans  fo  conferved 
in  a  Cave  of  Amhracia,  were  known  to 
laft  an  hundred  and  twenty  years ;  that  is, 
from  the  time  of  King  Pyrrhus,  unto  the 
Pyratick  War  under  the  conduft  of  Pom- 

More 


44     Obferv.  upon  feveral  Plants  Tradll. 

More  ftrange  it  may  feem  how,  after 

feven  years,  the  Grains  conferved  Ihould 

be  fruitful!  for  a  new  produftion.    For  it 

is  faid  that  Jofeph  delivered  Seed  unto  the 

Egyptians  y  tojow  their  Land  for  the  eighth 

year :  and  Corn  after  feven  years  is  like 

to  afford  little  or  no  production,  accor- 

*  Theoph.    ding  to  Theophrajius ;  *  Ad  Sementem  fe- 

fJsjt.LS.      ^^^  anniculum   optimum  putatur y   hinum 

deter im  &  trinum;  ultra  Jlerile  ferme  eft, 

quanquam  ad  ufum  ciharium  idoneum. 

Yet  fince,  from  former  exemplificati- 
ons. Corn  may  be  made  to  laft  fo  long, 
the  fruftifying  power  may  well  be  con- 
ceived to  laft  in  fome  good  proportion, 
according  to  the  region  and  place  of  its 
confervation,  as  the  fame  Theophraftus  hath 
obferved,  and  left  a  notable  example  from 
Cappadocia,  where  Corn  might  be  kept 
fixty  years,  and  remain  fertile  at  forty ; 
according  to  his  expreflion  thus  tranflated; 
In  Cappadocice  loco  quodam  petra  dit}oy  tri- 
ticum  ad  quadraginta  annos  foscundum  eft,  & 
ad  fementem  percommodum  durare  proditum 
efi,  fexagenos  aut  feptuagenos  ad  ufum  ciha- 
rium fervari  pojfe  idoneum.  The  fituation 
of  that  Confervatory,  was,  as  he  delivereth, 
v-ifYiXhv^ivuviiVyivaLV^oVf  high^  airy  and  eX' 
pofed  to  fever aV  favourable  winds.  And 
upon  fuch  confideration  of  winds  and  wti\r 
tilation,  fome  conceive  the  i^gyptian  Gra- 
naries 


Trad:  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  45 

naries  were  rfiade  open,  the  Country  be- 
ing free  from  rain.  Howfoever  it  was,  that 
contrivance  could  not  be  without  fome  «  ^gyp^ 
hazard :   *  for  the  great  Mills  and  Dews  h(^x^»S\iu 
of  that  Country  might  difpofe  the  Corn  f-^2'^^ct 
unto  corruption.  phr'aftum. 

More  plainly  may  they  miftake,  who 
from  fome  analogy  of  name  (as  li  Pyramid 
were  derived  from  fltJ^oi',  Trkkum,)  con- 
ceive thei^gyptian  Pyramids  to  have  been 
built  for  Granaries ;  or  look  for  any  fettled 
Monuments  about  the  Defarts  ereded  for 
that  intention;  fmce  their  Store- houfes 
were  made  in  the  great  Towns,  according 
to  Scripture  exprelfion,  f  He  gathered  up  f  Gen.  41. 
all  the  Food  of  [even  years,  which  was  in  the  4^- 
Land  of/^gypt,  and  laid  up  the  Food  in  the 
Cities :  the  Food  of  the  Field  which  was  round 
about  every  City^  laid  he  up  in  the  fame, 

3 1.  For  if  thou  wert  cut  out  of  the  Olive  Olhe  Tree  in 
"'Tree,  which  is  wild  hy  nature ,  and  wert^^^'^^''^^' 
grafted,  contrary  to  nature,  into  a  good  O- 
live  Tree,  how  much  more  fhall  theje,  which 
he  the  natural  Branches,  he  grafted  into 
their  own  Olive  Tree  ?  In  which  place, 
how  anfwerable  to  the  Doftrine  of  Huf- 
bandry  this  exprefllon  of  S.  Paul  is,  you 
will  readily  apprehend  who  underftand 
the  rules  of  infition  or  grafting,  and  that 
way  of  vegetable  propagation;  wherein 
that  is  contrary  to  nature,  or  natural  rules 

which 


4^     Ohferv.uponfeveral Plants  Trad. I. 

which  Art  obferveth :  viz.  tb  make  ufe  of 
a  Cyons  more  ignoble  than  the  Stock,  or 
to  graft  wild  upon  dom^ftick  and  good 
*  Dc  caufis  Plants,  according  as  *  theophrafius  hath 
phmt.i.;3.i.  anciently  obferved,  and,  making  inftance 
^*        in  the  Olive,  hath  left  this  Dodtrine  unto 
us  ;  Vrhanum  Sylvejlrihus  utfatis  Oleaflrts 
infer  ere.     Namfi  e  contrario  Sy  heft  rem  in 
Vrhanosfeveris,etfi  differentia  quadam  erit^ 
t  K*^^/^p•  tamen  f  honaefrugts  Arhor  nunquam  profetlo 
^»iy  ovH.  i^«.  reddetur :  which  is  alfo  agreeable  unto  our 
prefent  prad:ice,  who  graft  Pears  onThorns, 
and  Apples  upon  Crabb  Stocks,  not  ufing 
the  contrary  infition.    And  when  it  is  faid. 
How  much  more  {hall  thefe,  which  are  the 
natural  Branches^  he  grafted  into  their  own 
natural  Olive  Tree  ?  this  is  alfo  agreeable 
unto  the  rule  of  the  fame  Authour  ;  ^E^i 
^  ^iXrioDV  iyjuvl^a^^^y  hfxoioev  dq  liuuoict^ 
Infitio   rrielior  eft  fimilium  in  Jimilihus  : 
For  the  nearer  confanguinity  there  is  be- 
tween the  Gyons  and  the  Stock,  the  rea- 
dier comprehenfion  is  made,  and  the  no- 
bler frudification.     According  alfo  unto 
II  Dc  horti-  the  later  caution  of  Laurenlergius\  ^^Arho- 
cultura.       ^^^  domeflic(e  injitioni  deftinatce,  Jemper 
anteponendie  Sylveftrihus.     And    though 
the  fuccefs  be  good,  and  may  fuffice  upon 
Stocks  of  the  fame  denomination ;  yet, 
to  be  grafted  upon  their  own  and  Mother 
Stock,  is  the  neareft  infition :  which  way, 

though 


Tradt  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  47 

though  lefs  pradifed  of  old,  is  now  much 
imbraced,  and  found  a  notable  way  for 
melioration  of  the  Fruit  ,•  and  much  the 
rather,  if  the  Tree  to  be  grafted  on  be  a 
good  and  generous  Plant,  a  good  and  fair 
Olive,  as  the  Apoflle  feems  to  imply  by 
a  peculiar  *  word  fcarce  to  be  found  elfe-  '^  Kat?^U- 
where.         •  Rom  11.24. 

It  muft  be  alfo  confidered,  that  the  Ok-' 
after,  or  wild  Olive,  by  cutting,  tranf- 
planting  and  the  beft  managery  of  Art, 
can  be  made  but  to  produce  fuch  Olives 
as  (Theophraftus  {kith)  were  particularly 
named  Phaulia,  that  is,  but  had  Olives ; 
and  that  it  was  reckond  among  Prodi- 
gies, for  the  Oleafter  to  become  an  Olive 
Tree. 

And  when  infition  and  grafting,  in  the 
Text,  is  applied  unto  the  Olive  Tree,  it 
hath  an  Emphatical  fenfe,  very  agreeable 
unto  that  Tree  which  is  beft  propagated 
this  way;  not  at  all  by  furculation,  as 
Tbeophraftus  obferveth,  nor  well  by  Seed, 
as  (lath  been  obferved.  Omne  femenfimile 
genus  perfidt ,  prater  oleam ,  Oleaftrum 
enim  generat,  hoc  eft  Jylveftrem  oleam,  & 
non  oleam  veram, 

"  If,  therefore,  thou  Roman  and  Gen- 
"  tile  Branch,  which  wert  cut  from  the 
"  wild  Olive,  art  now,  by  the  fignal  mer- 
"  cy  of  God,  beyond  the  ordinary  and 


''  com- 


fj^S  Ohferv.  upon  feveral  Plants  Tradtl 
"  commonly  expefted  way,  grafted  into 
"  the  true  Olive,  the  Church  of  God  ;  if 
•*  thou,  which  neither  naturally  nor  by 
*'  humane  art  canft  be  made  to  produce 
"  any  good  Fruit,  and,  next  to  a  Miracle, 
*'  to  be  made  a  true  Olive,  art  now  by 
'*  the  benignity  of  God  graftgd  into  the 
"  proper  Olive  ^  how  much  niore  fliall  the 
"  Jew,  and  natural  Branch,  be  grafted  in- 
"  to  its  genuine  and  mother  Tree,  where- 
**  in  propinquity  of  nature  is  like,  fo  rea- 
*'  dily  and  profperoufly,  to  effeft  a  coali- 
"  tion  ?  And  this  more  efpecially  by  the 
"  exprefled  way  of  infition  or  implantati- 
"  on,  the  Olive  being  not  fuccefsfully  pro- 
"  pagable  by  Seed,  nor  at  all  by  furcula- 


"  tion. 


Trees  h  are  her  Houfe,  This  exprejffion ,  in  our 
prai.  104.  Tranflation,  which  keeps  clofe  to  the  Ori- 
*^'  ginal  Chafidah,  is  fomewhat  different  from 

the  Greek  and  Latin  Tranflation  ;  nor  a- 
greeable  unto  common  obfervation,  where- 
by they  are  known  commonly  to  build 
upon  Chimneys,  or  the  tops  of  Houfes,  and 
high  Buildings ,  which  notv\^ithftanding, 
the  common  Tranflation  may  clearly 
confift  with  obfervation ,  if  we  confider 
that  this  is  commonly  affirmed  of  the 
black  Stork,  and  take  notice  of  the  de- 
fcription  of  Ornithologus  in  Aldrovandus, 

that 


Tracft  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  4p 

that  fuch  Storks  are  often  found  in  divers 
parts,  and  that  they  do  in  Arhorihus  nidu- 
lari,  prcefertim  in  ahietihus  ;  Make  their 
Nefls  on  Trees,  elpecially  upon  Firre  Trees. 
Nor  wholly  difagreeing  unto  the  practice 
of  the  common  white  Stork,  according 
unto  Varro,  nidulantur  in  agris :  and  the 
conceflion  of  Aldrovandus  that  fometimes 
they  build  on  Trees :  and  the  aflertion  of 
"^  Bellonius,  that  men  drefs  them  Nefts,  *  B<llcn?us 
and  place  Cradles  upon  high  Trees,  in  Ma-  '^^  '^^'^*^- 
rifli  regions,  that  Storks  m.ay  breed  upon 
them :    which  courfe  fome  obferve  for 
Herns  and  Cormorants  with  us.    And 
this    building    of    Storks  upon   Trees, 
may  be  alfo  anfwerable  unto  the  original 
and  natural  way  of  building  of  Storks  be- 
fore the  political  habitations  of  men,  and 
the  raifing  of  Houfes  and  high  Buildings; 
before  they  were  invited  by  luch  conveni- 
ences and  prepared  Nefts,  to  relinquiih 
their  natural  places  of  nidulation.     I  fay, 
before  or  where  fuch  advantages  are  not 
ready;  when  Shallows  found  orhef  places 
than  Chimneys,  and  Daws  found  other 
places  than  holes  in  high  Fabricks  to  build 
in. 

34.  And ,  therefore  ,  Ifrael  [aid  carry  Ba!m,  in 
down  the  man  a  prefent-,    a  little  Balm,^^^^^' ^*" 
a  little  Honey,    and  Myrrhe,    Nuts  and 
Almonds,     Now   whether  this,    which 

E  Jacob 


50     Obferv.npon  fever al  Plants  TradlL 

Jacob  fent,  were  the  proper  Balfam  ex- 
tolled by  humane  Writers,  you  cannot 
but  make  fome  doubt,  who  find  the  Greek 
Tranflation  to  be  'Vvdm,  that  is,  Rejina, 
and  fo  may  have  fome  fufpicion  that  it 
might  be  fome  pure  diftillation  from  the 
Turpentine  Tree ,  which  grows  profpe- 
roufly  and  plentifully  in  Judaea,  and  feems 
fo  underftood  by  the  Arabick ;  and  was 
indeed  efteemed  by  Theophrajius  and  Diof- 
corides,  the  chieteft  of  refinous  Bodies, 
and  the  word  Refina  Emphatically  ufed 
for  it.    . 

That  the  Balfam  Plant  hath  grown 
and  profpered  in  Judcea  we  believe  with- 
out difpute.  For  the  fame  is  attefted  by 
Theophrajius,  Pliny ,  Juftims,  and  many 
more ;  from  the  commendation  that  Galen 
affbrdeth  of  the  Balfam  of  Syria,  and  the 
ftory  of  Cleopatra,  that  flie  obtain'd  fome 
Plants  of  Balfam  from  Herod  the  Great 
to  tranfplant  into  ^gypt.  But  whether 
it  was  fo  anciently  in  Judaa  as  the  time 
of  Jacob ;  nay,  whether  this  Plant  was 
here  before  the  time  o{  Solomon,  that  great 
colled:our  of  Vegetable  rarities,  fome  doubt 
may  be  made  trom  the  account  of  Jofe- 
phus,  that  the  Queen  of  Sheha,  a  part  of 
Arabia ,  among  prefents  unto  Solomon , 
brought  fome  Plants  of  the  Balfam  Tree, 
as  one  of ithe  peculiar  eftimables  of  her 
Country.  Whe- 


Trad:L  mention  d  in  Scripture.  51 

Whether  this  ever  had  its  natural  growth, 
or  were  an  original  native  Plant  oijudaa^ 
much  more  that  it  was  pecuhar  unto  that 
Country ,  a  greater  doubt  may  arife  : 
while  we  reade  in  Paufanias,  Straho  and 
DiodoruSy  that  it  grows  alfo  in  Arabia^ 
and  find  in  *  Theophrafius,  that  it  grew  *  Thco- 
in  two  Gardens  about  Jericho  in  Judaa,  J^"^*  ^ 
And  more  efpecially  whiles  wx  ferioufly 
confider  that  notable  difcourfe  between 
Ahdella,  Ahdachim  and  Alpinus,  conclu- 
ding the  natural  and  original  place  of  this 
fingular  Plant  to  be  in  Arabia,  about  Me-- 
cha  and  Medina,  where  it  ftill  plentifully 
groweth,  and  Mountains  abound  therein. 
From  whence  it  hath  been  carefully  tranf- 
planted  by  the  Bajhas  oi  Grand  Cairo,  into 
the  Garden  of  Mat  are  a ;  where,  when  it 
dies,  it  is  repaired  again  from  thofe  parts 
oi  Arabia,  from  whence  the  Grand  Signi- 
or  yearly  receiveth  a  prefent  of  Balfam 
from  the  Xeriff  of  Mecha,  ftill  called  by 
the  Arabians  Balejjan ;  whence  they  be- 
lieve arofe  the  Greek  appellation  Balfam. 
And  fince  thefe  Balfam-plants  are  not 
now  to  be  found  in  Jud^a,  and  though 
purpofely  cultivated,  are  often  loft  in  Ju- 
d(ea,  but  evcrlaftingly  live,  and  naturally 
renew  in  Arabia ;  They  probably  conclu- 
ded, that  thofe  oijudiea  were  foreign  and 
tranfplanted  from  thefe  parts.  ^  • 

El  AH 


5  2     Obferv.  upon  fever al  Plants  Trad:  I. 

All  which  notwithftanding,  fince  the 

fame  Plant  may  grow  naturally  and  fpon- 

taneoufly  in  feveral  Countries,  and  either 

from  inward  or  outward  caufes  be  loll:  in 

one  Region,  while  it  continueth  and  fub- 

fifteth  in  another,  the  Balfam  Tree  might 

po/Tibly  be  a  native  of  JuJa^a  as  well  as  of 

Arabia  ;  which  becaufe  de  fatio  it  cannot 

be  clearly^  made  out,  the  ancient  exprefli- 

ons  of  Scripture  become  doubtful!  in  this 

point.     But  fince  this  Plant  hath  not,  for 

a  long  time,  grown  in  Judaea,  and  ftill 

plentit'ully  prolpers  in  Arabia,  that  which 

now  comes  in  pretious  parcels  to  us,  and 

ftill  is  called  the  Balfam  oijudcea,  may  now 

furrender  its  name,  and  more  properly  be 

called  the  Balfam  of  Arabia. 

Barley,  Flax,      ^  ^,  And  the  Flax  and  the  Barley  was 

Exod!o.2i./^^^^^^5  /<?r  the  Barley  was  in  the  Ear, 

and  the  Flax  was  boiled,  but  the  Wheat  and 

the  Rye  was  not  fmitten,  for  they  were  not 

*  Linutn  foi-  grown  up,    "*"  How  the  Barley  and  the  Flax 

nJina/irf  ^'  ihould  be  fmitten  in  the  plague  of  Hail  in 

am^i^Ti^Qy,  /Egypt,  and  the  Wheat  and  Rye  cfcape,  be- 

ScSa      ^^^^^  ^^^^y  were  not  yet  grown  tip,  may 

Lat,     '     feem  flrange  unto  Englidi  obfervers,  who 

'i-\njM,  Gr,   call  Barley  Summer  Corn  fown  fo  many 

months  after  Wheat,  and,  befide  hordeum 

Tolyftichon,  or  big  Barley,  fowe  not  Barley 

in  the  Winter,  to  anticipate  the  growth 

of  Wheat. 

And 


Tradl  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  5  3 

And  the  fame  may  alfo  feem  a  prepo- 
flerous  expreflion  unto  all  who  do  not 
confider  the  various  Agriculture,  and  dit-. 
ferent  Husbandry  of  Nations,  and  iuch  as 
was  pradifed  in  ^gypty  and  fairly  proved 
io  have  b^en  alfo  ufed  in  Judcea,  whereia 
their  Barley  Harveft  was  before  that  of 
Wheat ;  as  is  confirmable  from  that  ex- 
pre/lion  m  Ruth,  that  fhe  came  into  Bet h^ 
lehem  at  the  heginmng  of  Barley  Harvefl^ 
and  ftaid  unto  the  end  of  Wheat  Harveft ; 
from  the  death  of  Manajfes  the  Father  of 
Judith,  Emphatically  exprefled  to  have 
happened  in  the  Wheat  Harveft,  and  more 
advanced  heat  of  the  Sun ;  and  from  the 
cuftom  of  the  Jews,  to  offer  the  Barley 
Sheaf  of  the  firft  fruits  in  March,  and  a 
Cake  of  Wheat  Flower  but  at  the  end  of 
Tentecofl,  Confonant  unto  the  praftice 
of  thcitgyptians,  who  (as  Theophraflus 
delivereth)  fowed  their  Barley  early  in 
reference  to  their  firft  Fruits ;  and  alfo  the 
common  rural  practice,  recorded  by  the 
fame  Authour ,  Mature  feritur  Triticum, 
Hordeum,  quod  etiam  maturius  feritur  \ 
Wheat  and  Barley  are  fowed  early ,  hut 
Barley  earlier  of  the  two. 

Flax  was  alfo  an  early  Plant,  as  may  be 

illuftrated  from  the  neighbour  Country  of 

Canaan.     For  the  Ifraelites  kept  the  Pafle-^ 

over  in  Gilgal  in  the  fourteenth  day  of  the 

E  3  firft 


54     Obferv.upon  fever al  Plants  Tradtl. 

firft  Month,  anfwering  unto  part  of  our 
March y  having  newly  pafled  Jordan  :  And 
the  Spies  which  were  fent  from  Shittim 
unto  Jericho,  not  many  days  before,  were^ 
hid  by  Rahab  under  the  ftalks  of  Flax, 
w^hich  lay  drying  on  the  top  of  her  Houle ; 
which  Iheweth  that  the  Flax  was  alrea- 
dy and  newly  gathered.  For  this  was  the 
firft  preparation  of  Flax,  and  before  fluvi? 
ation  or  rotting,  which,  after  Pliny  s  ac- 
count, was  after  Wheat  Harveft. 

But  the  Wheat  and  the  Rye  were  not 
fmitten,  for  they  were  not  grown  up.  The 
Ori^nal  ilgnifies  that  it  w^as  hidden,  or 
dark^  the  Vulgar  and  Septuagint  that  it 
vjzs  ferotinous  or  late,  and  our  old  Tranf- 
lation  that  it  was  late  [own.  And  fo  the 
exprelTion  and  interpofition  oi  Mojes,  who 
wxU  underftood  the  Husbandry  oi /Egypt, 
might  Emphatically  declare  the  ftate  of 
Wheat  and  Rye  in  that  particular  year ; 
and  if  fo,  the  fame  is  folvable  from  the 
time  of  the  floud  of  i^ilus,  and  the  mea- 
fure  of  its  inundation.  For  if  it  were  very 
high,  and  over-drenching  the  ground,  they 
were  forced  to  later  Seed-time;  and  fo  the 
Wheat  and  the  Rye  efcaped ;  for  they  were 
more  (lowly  growing  Grains,  and,  by  rea- 
fon  of  the  greater  inundation  of  the  Ri- 
ver, were  fown  later  than  ordinary  that 
year,  efpecially  in  the  Plains  near  the 

'         '  River, 


Tradt  I.  mention  d  in  Scripttire.  5  5 

River,   where  the  ground  drieth  lateft. 

Some  think  the  plagues  oi/^gypt  were 
afted  in  one  Month,  others  but  in  the 
compafs  of  twelve.  In  the  delivery  of 
Scripture  there  is  no  account,  of  what 
time  of  the  year  or  particular  Month  they 
fell  out ;  but  the  account  of  thefe  Grains, 
which  were  either  fmitten  or  efcaped, 
make  the  plague  of  Hail  to  have  probably 
hapned  in  February  :  This  may  be  col- 
led:ed  from  the  new  and  old  account  of 
the  Seed  time  and  Harveft  in  ^gypt.  For, 
according  to  the  account  of  *  Radzevil,  *  Ridzcviri 
the  River  rifing  in  June,  and  the  Banks  ^'''*^^''- 
being  cut  in  September ,  they  fow  about 
S.  Andrews^  when  the  Floud  is  retired,  and 
the  moderate  drinefs  of  the  ground  per- 
mitteth.  So  that  the  Barley  anticipating 
the  Wheat,  either  in  time  of  fowing  or 
growing,  might  be  in  Ear  in  February, 

The  account  of  f  Fliny  is  little  differ  tPJ"n-^'^.i8. 
rent.    They  caft  the  Seed  upon  the  Slime  ^^^*  *^* 
and  Mudd  when  the   River   is   down, 
which  commonly  happeneth  in  the  begin- 
ning of  November,    They  begin  to  reap 
and  cut  down  a  little  before  the  Calends 
qH  April,  about  the  middle  of  ^^rc)E^,  and 
in  the  Month  of  May  their  Harveft  is  in.       ^ 
So  that  Barley  anticipating  Wheat,   it 
might  be  in  Ear  in  February,  and  Wheat 
not  yet  grown  up,  at  leaft  to  the  Spindle 

E  4  or 


5,^     Obfew.  upon  fever al  Plants  Tradl  I. 

or  Ear,  to  be  deftroyed  by  the  Hail.  For 
they  cut  down  about  the  middle  oi March, 
at  leaft:  their  torward  Corns,  and  in  the 
Month  of  May  all  forts  of  Corns  were  in, 

The  turning  of  the  River  into  Bloud 
fliews  in  what  Month  this  happened  not. 
That  is,  not  wheij  the  River  had  overr 
flown  ,•  for  it  is  faid,  the  /Egyptians  dig- 
ged round  about  the  River  for  Water  to 
drink,  which  they  could  not  have  done, 
if  the  River  had  been  out,  and  the  Fields 
under  Water. 

In  the  fame  Text  you  cannot,  without 
fome  hefitation,  pafs  over  the  tranflation 
of  Rye,  which  the  Original  nameth  Caf- 
Jumeth,  the  Greek  rendreth  Olyra^  th.e 
French  and  Dutch  Spelta,  the  Lmn  Zea, 
and  not  Secak  the  known  word  for  Rye. 
But  this  common  Rye  fo  well  underftood 
at  prefent,  was  not  diftinftly  defcribed, 
pr  not  well  known  from  early  Antiquity. 
And  therefore,  in  this  uncertainty,  fome 
have  thought  it  to  have  been  the  Typha  of 
the  Ancients.  Cor  dm  will  have  it  to  be 
Qlyra,  and  Ruellitis  fome  kind  of  Oryza. 
But  having  no  vulgar  and  well  known 
naniie  for  thofe  Grains,  we  warily  embrace 
an  appellation  of  near  aiBnity,  and  tolera- 
bly render  it  Rye, 

While  Flax,  Barley,  Wheat  and  Rye  are 
named,  fome  rn^y  vi^onder  why  no  men- 


Trail  I.  mentioned  in  Scripture.  57 

tion  is  made  of  Ryce,  wherewith,  at  pre- 
fent,  /Egypt  fo  much  aboundeth.  But 
whether  that  Plant  grew  fo  early  in  that 
Country,  fome  doubt  may  be  made  :  for 
Ryce  is  originally  a  Grain  of  India^  and 
might  not  then  be  tranfplanted  into  ^- 
gypt. 

3  6,  Let  them  become  as  the  Grafs  grow-  Sheaves  of 
ing  upon  the  Hcufe  top,   which  ^^thereth^^^^^^'*^^^^^ 
before  it  be  plucked  up,  whereof  the  mow- 
er filleth  not  his  hand,  nor  he  that  bindeth  ^^^tiWw. 
Sheaves  his  bofome.     Though  xk\z  filling  of     .gnfH  1  ni 
the  hand,  and  mention  of  Sheaves  of  Hay,     -^^  «?  -^^ 
may  feem  ftrange  unto  us,  who  ufe  neither 
handfulls  nor  Sheaves  in  that  kind  of  Hus- 
bandry, yet  may  it  be  properly  taken, 
and  you  are  not  like  to  doubt  thereof, 
who  may  find  the  like  expreflions  in  the 
Authours  de  Re  ruftica ,  concerning  the 
old  way  of  this  Husbandry. 

^  Columella  ,    delivering  what  Works  *  Columella 
wxre  not  to  be  permitted  upon  the  Ro-  ^'*'^'^f^;"* 
man  Feri^,  or  Feftivals,   among  others 
lets  down,  that  upon  fuch  days,  it  was 
not  lawful!  to  carry  or  bind  up  Hay,  nee 
fxnum  vincire  r^ec  veh^re,  per  religiones. 
Pontificum  licet. 

Marcus  f  Farro  is  more  particular ;  f  Varro 
Prim  urn  de  fir  at  is  herb  arum  cum  crefcere^^^*^'^^^'^^* 
dejiit^  fubfecari  fakibus  debet,  &  quoad 
fieracefcat  ft^rcillis  verjari ,   cum  peracuit, 

de 


5^     Obferv.  upon  [everal  Plants  Trad:  I. 
de  htsmanipulos  fieri  &  vehi  in  villam. 
And  their   courfe  of  mowing   feems 
fomewhat  different  from  ours.    For  they 
cut  not  down  clear  at  once,  but  ufed  an 
after  fedion,  which  they  peculiarly  called 
Sicilitium,  according  as  the  word  is  ex- 
pounded by  Georgius  Alexandrinus,  and 
Beroa/dus  2iker  Pliny ;  Sicilire  eft  falciius 
^x^,ii  .ii.  conJeHari  qu£e  foenifecce  prceteriermt,  aut 
ea  fecare  quce  fosnifeae  prceterierunt. 
Juniper  Tree,      37.  When  'tis  faid  that  Elias  lay  and 
i9.\^&c'.    ^P^  under  a  Juniper  Tree,   fome  may 
wonder  how  that  Tree,  which  in  our  parts 
groweth  but  low  and  flirubby,  ihould  af- 
ford him  fliade  and  covering.    But  others 
know  that  there  is  a  leller  and  a  lai^er 
kind  of  that  Vegetable ;  that  it  makes  a 
Tree  in  its  proper  foil  and  region.     And 
may  find  in  Pliny  that  in  the  Temple  of 
Diana  Saguntina  in  Spain,  the  Rafters  were 
made  of  Juniper. 
'fpfai;i2o.4.      In  that  expreffion  of  *  David,  Sharp 
Arrows  of  the  mighty,  with  Coals  of  Ju- 
niper ;  Though  Juniper  be  left  out  in  the 
laft  Trarifiation,  yet  may  there  be  an  Em- 
phatical  fenfe  from  that  word  ;  fince  Ju- 
niper abounds  with  a  piercing  Oil,  and 
makes  a  fmart  Fire.     And  the  rather,  if 
that  quality  be  half  true,  which  Pliny  af- 
firmeth,  that  the  Coals  of  Juniper  raked 
up  will  keep  a  glowing  Fire  for  the  fpace 

of 


Tradl  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  59 

of  a  year.  For  fo  the  expreflion  will  Em- 
phatically imply,  not  onely  xhtfmart  bur- 
ning, hut  the  lajling  fire  of  their  malice. 

That  paflage  of*  Job^  wherein  he  com-  '^ Job 30.^,4. 
plains  that  poor  and  half  famiflied  fellows  • 
defpifed  him,  is  of  greater  difficulty  ;  For 
want  and  famine  they  were  folitary ,  they 
cut  up  Mallows  by  the  Bufhes,  and  Juniper' 
roots  for  meat.  Wherein  we  might  at  firft 
doubt  the  Tranflation,  not  onely  from  the 
Greek  Text  but  the  aflertion  of  Diofiori- 
des,  who  affirmeth  that  the  roots  of  Ju- 
niper are  of  a  venomous  quality.  But ' 
Scaliger  hath  difproved  the  fame  from  the 
pracStice  of  the  African  Phyficians,  who 
ufe  the  decoftion  of  Juniper  roots  againft 
the  Venereal  Difeafe.  The  Chaldee  reads 
it  Gentfia,  or  fome  kind  of  Broom,  which 
will  be  alfo  unufual  and  hard  Diet,  ex- 
cept thereby  we  underftand  th^Orobanche, 
or  Broom  Rape,  which  groweth  from  the 
roots  of  Broom ;  and  which,  according  to 
Diofcorides,  men  ufed  to  eat  raw  or  boi- 
led in  the  manner  of  Afparagm. 

And,  therefore,  this  expreffion  doth  high- 
ly declare  the  mifery,  poverty  and  extre- 
mity of  the  perfons  who  were  now  moc- 
kers of  him  ;  they  being  fo  contemptible 
and  neceffitous,  that  they  were  fain  to  be 
content,  not  with  a  mean  Diet,  but  fuch 
as  was  no  Diet  at  all,  the  roots  of  Trees, 

thq 


^o     Obferv.  upon  fever al  Plants  TradlL 

the  roots  of  Juniper,  which  none  would 

make  ufe  of  tor  Food,  but  in  the  lowefl: 

necefTity,  and  fome,  degr^.e  of famifliing. 

Scarlet  Ttnc-      ^  8.  While  fome  have  difputed  whether 

I?*"^'  ^o    o  Theophraflus  knew  the  Scarlet  Berry,  o^ 

Gen.  58. 28.   ,       ^  ,      V         ,      T         T  .  1      •       * 

Exod.  25.  thers  may  doubt  whetlier  that  noble  tine-' 
4,8cc.  ture  were  known  unto,  the  Hebrews, 
which  notwithftanding  feefns  cleai^''lron:^ 
the  early  and  iterated  expreffions  of  Scrip-, 
ture  concerning  the  Scarlet  Tinfture,  ^  and ' 
is  the  lefs  to  be  doubted  becaufe  the  Scar- 
let Berry  grew  plentifully  in  the  Land  of 
Canaan,  and  fo  they  were  furnilhed  with 
the  Materials  of  that  Colour.  For  though 
Diofiorides  faith  it  groweth  in  Armenia 
and  Cappadocia,  yet  that  it  alfo  grew  in 
Judceay  feems  more  than  probable  from 
the  account  of  Bellonlm,  who  obferved  it 
to  be  fo  plentifull  in  that  Country,  that  it 
afforded  a  profitable  Commodity ,  and 
great  quantity  thereof  was  tranfported  by 
the  Venetian  Merchants. 

How  this  fhould  be  fitly,  exprefled .  by, 
the  "woxA  Tolagnoth,  Vermis,  ox  Worm, 
may  be  made  out  from  Pliny,  who  calls 
it  Coccus  Scolecius,  or  the  Wormy  Berry ; 
as  alfo  from  the  name  of  that  Colour  cal-. 
led  Vermilion,  or  the  Worm  Colour ;  and 
which  is  alfo  anfwerable  unto  the  true 
nature  of  it.  For  this  is  no  proper  Berry 
containing  the  fruftifying  part,  but  a  kind 


Tra6l  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  6 1 

of  Vehicular  excrefcence,  adhering  com- 
monly to  the  Leaf  of  the  Ilex  Coccigera, 
or  dwarf  and  fmall  kind  of  Oak,  whofe 
Leaves  are  always  green,  and  its  proper 
feminal  parts  Acrons.  This  little  Bagg 
containeth  a  red  Pulp,  which,  if  not  time- 
ly gathered,  or  left  to  it  felf,  produceth 
fmall  red  Flies,  and  partly  a  red  powder, 
both  feryiceable  unto  the  tinfture.  And 
therefore,  to  prevent  the  generation  of 
Flies,  when  it  is  firft  gathered,  they 
fprinkle  it  over  with  Vinegar,  efpecially 
fuch  as  make  ufe  of  the  freih  Pulp  for  the 
confeftion  oi  Alkermes  ;  which  ft  ill  retai- 
neth  the  Arabick  name,  from  the  Kermes- 
berry  \  which  is  agreeable  unto  the  de- 
fcription  of  Eellonim  and  Quinqueranus. 
And  the  fame  we  have  beheld  in  Provence 
and  Languedock,  where  it  is  plentifully 
gathered,  and  called  Manna  Rufttcorum, 
from  the  confiderable  profit  which  the 
Peafants  make  by  gathering  of  it. 

39.  Mention  is  made  of  Oaks  in  divers  ^'^t^i  '« 
parts  of  Scripture,  which  thougfi  the  La-  ^^l\^,^i, 
tin  fometimes  renders  a  Turpentine  Tree,ira.  1. 29. 
yet  furely  fome  kind  of  Oak  may  be  un-  ^}^^  ^^'  ^* 
derftood  thereby  ;  but  whether  our  com- 13,  &c.^' 
mon  Oak  as  is  commonly  apprehended,you 
may  well  doubt ;  for  the  common  Oak, 
which  profpereth  fo  well  with  us,  deligh- 
teth  not  in  hot  regions.    And  that  diligent 

Bota- 


^2     Ohferv.  Upon  feveral  Plants  Tra(5lL 

Botanift  BeSanius,  who  took  fuch  parti- 
cular notice  of  the  Plants  of  Syria  and 
Judaea,  obferved  not  the  vulgar  Oak  in 
thofe  parts.  But  he  found  the  Ilex,  Che- 
fue  Verde,  or  Ever-green  Oak,  in  many 
places ;  as  alfo  that  kind  of  Oak  which 
is  properly  named  Efculus :  and  he  makes 
mention  thereof  in  places  about  Jerufalem, 
and  in  his  Journey  from  thence  unto  Da- 
tnafcus,  where  he  found  Monies  like,  ^ 
Efculo  virentes  ;  which,  in  his  Difcourfe 
of  Lemnos ,  he  faith  are  always  green. 
*  a  Sam.  i8.  And  therefore  when  it  is  faid  ^  oiAhfalom, 
^»  ^^*  that  his  Mule  went  under  the  thick  Boughs 
of  a  great  Oak,  and  his  Head  caught  hold 
of  the  Oaky  and  he  was  taken  up  between 
the  Heaven  and  the  Earth,  that  Oak  might 
be  fome  Ilex,  or  rather  EJculus,  For  that 
is  a  thick  and  busftiy  kind,  in  Orbem  co- 
mofa,  as  Dale-champius;  ramis  in  orhem 
difpofitis  comans,  as  Renealmus  defcribeth 
t  a  King.  it.  And  when  it  is  faid  t  that  Ezechias 
^'  broke  down  the  Images,  and  cut  down  the 
Groves,  they  might  much  confift  of  Oaks, 
which  were  facred  unto  Pagan  Deities,  as 
this  more  particularly,  according  to  that 
of  Firgil, 

— Nemoriimque  Jovi  qua  maxima  frondet 
Efculus, — 

And, 


Tra(5t  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  ^3 

And,  in  Judaa,  where  00  Hogs  were  ea- 
ten by  the  Jews,  and  few  kept  by  others, 
'tis  not  unlikely  that  they  moft  cheri- 
fhed  the  Efculus^  which  might  ferve  for 
Food  of  men.  For  tlie  Acrons  thereof  are 
the  fweeteft  of  any  Oak,  and  tafte  like 
Chefnuts ;  and  fo,  producing  an  edulious 
or  efculent  Fruit,  is  properly  named^«///x. 
They  which  know  the  Ilex,  or  Ever- 
green Oak,  with  fomewhat  prickled 
Leaves,  named  Il^iv©.,  will  better  under- 
ftand  the  irreconcileable  anfwer  of  the 
two  Elders,  when  the  one  accufed  Sufan'^ 
«a  of  incontinency  under  a  n^iV^L,  or  fi- 
ver-green Oak,  the  other  under  a  2;^^i'i'(gL, 
LentifcuSy  or  Maftick  Tree,  which  are  fo 
different  in  Bignefs,  Boughs,  Leaves  and 
Fruit,  the  one  bearing  Acrons,  the  other 
Berries:  And,  without  the  knowledge 
hereof,  will  not  Emphatically  or  diftindlly 
underltand  that  of  the  Poet, 

Flavaque  de  viridi  ftillalant  like  mella. 

40.  When  we  often  meet  with  the  Ce-  cUau  of 
dars  of  UhanuSy  that  expreffion  may  be^*^""** 
ufed  not  onely  becaufe  they  grew  in  a 
known  and  neighbour  Country,  but  alfo 
becaufe  they  were  of  the  nobleft  and  lar- 
geft  kind  of  that  Vegetable  ;  And  we  find 
the  Phoenician  Cedar  magnified  by  the 

Anci- 


■^4     Obferv.  ufon  fever al  Plants  Tra(5l  1. 

Ancients.     The  Cedar  of  Lihanus  is  a  r^* 
niferous  Tree,  bearing  Cones  or  Cloggs ; 
(not  Berries)  of  fuch  a  vaflnefs,  that  MeU 
chior  Luffy,  a  great  Traveller,  found  one 
upon  Lihanus  as  big  as  feven  men  could 
compafs.     Some  are  now  k  curious  as  to 
keep  the  Branches  and  Cones  thereof  among 
their  rare  Colleftions.   And,  though  much 
Cedar  Wood  be  now  brought  from  Ameri- 
ca, yet  'tis  time  to  take  notice  of  the  true 
Cedar  of  Lihanus^  imployed  in  the  Tem- 
ple of  Solomon  ;  for  they  have  been  much 
deftroyed  and  neglefted,  and  become  at 
laft   but   thin.      Bellonius  could  reckon 
but  twenty  eight,  Rovoolfius  and  Radzevil 
but  twenty. four,  and  Bidulphus  the  fame 
*  i4  Journey  number.     And  a  later  account  of  *  fome 
ry^erufaicm,  Englifh  Travellers  faith,  that  they  are  now 
but  in  one  place,  and  in  a  fmall  compafs, 
in  Lihanus. 
Vndnumci-       Quando  ingrejfi  fueritis  terram,  ^  Plan- 

^^yfil'^l^Z  f^'^e^'^t^s  ^«  ^^^  ^^S^^  Pomifera,  auferetis 
prceputia  eorum,  Poma  qute  germinant  im* 
mmda  erunt  vohis,  nee  edetis  ex  eis.  Quar- 
to  autem  anno,  omnis  fruEius  eorum  fantiifi^ 
cahitur,  laudahilis  Domino.  Quinto  autem 
anno  comedetis  frutlus.  By  this  Law  they 
were  injoyned  not  to  eat  of  the  Fruits  of 
the  Trees  which  they  planted  for  the  Jirji 
three  years:  and,  as  the  Vulgar  exprefleth 
it,  to  take  away  the  Prepuces,  from  fuch 

Trees, 


Tra6l  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  6^ 

Trees,  during  that  time ;  the  Fruits  of  the 
fourth  year  being  holy  unto  the  Lord,  and 
thofe  of  the  fitth  allowable  unto  others. 
Now  if  auferre  praeputia  be  taken,  as  ma- 
ny learned  men  have  thought,  to  pluck  \ 
away  the  bearing  Buds,  before  they  pro- 
ceed unto  Flowers  or  Fruit,  you  will  rea- 
dily apprehend  the  Metaphor,  from  the 
analogy  and  fimilitudc  of  thofe  Sprouts 
and  Buds,  which,  (hutting  up  the  fruitful! 
particle,  refembleth  the  preputial  part. 

And  you  may  alfo  find  herein  a  piece 
of  Husbandry  not  mentioned  in  Theophra-^ 
ftus ,  or  Columella.  For  by  taking  away  of 
the  Buds,  and  hindering  fruftification,  the 
Trees  become  more  vigorous,  both  in 
growth  and  future  production.  By  fuch 
a  way  King  Pyrrhus  got  into  a  lufty  race 
of  Beeves,  and  fuch  as  were  defired  over 
all  Greece,  by  keeping  them  from  Gene- 
ration untill  the  ninth  year. 

And  you  may  alfo  difcover  a  phyfical 
advantage  of  the  goodnefs  of  the  Fruit,- 
which  becomerh  kfs  crude  and  mord 
wholfome,  upon  the  fourth  or  fifth  years 
produftion. 

41.  While  you  reade  in  Theophraftus,J'^^'^^f^P  f>f 
or  modern  Herbalifts,  a  ftrift  divifron  of^^^^^^jJJ* 
Plants,  into  Arbor,  Frutex,  Suffrutex  &  Tree^  in 
Herba,  you  cannot  but  take  notice  of  the  ^^°'  '*  '*' 
Scriptural  divifion  at  the  Creation,  into 
F  Tre^ 


66     Obferv.  upon  feveral  Plants  Trad  I. 

Tree  and  Heri :  and  this  may  feem  too 
narrow  to  comprehend  the  Clajffis  of  Ve- 
getables ;  which ,  notwithftanding,  may 
be  fufficient,  and  a  plain  and  intelligible 
divifion  thereof.  And  therefore  in  this 
diiBculty  concerning  the  divifion  of  Plants, 
the  learned  Botanift,  defalpinus,  thus  con- 
cludeth,  Clarius  agemus  Jt  altera  div'tfione 
neglellHy  duo  tan  turn  Plant  arum  genera  fuh- 
Jfituamus,  Arhorem  fcilicet ,  ©  Her  I  am  ^ 
conjungentes  cum  Arhorilus  Frutkes ,  & 
cum  Her  ha  Suffrutkes  5  Frutices  being  the 
lefler  Trees,  and  Suffrutkes  the  larger,  har- 
der and  more  folid  Herbs. 

And  tliis  divifion  into  Herb  and  Tree, 
may  alfo  fuffice,  if  we  take  in  that  natu- 
ral ground  of  the  divifion  of  perfeft  Plants, 
and  fuch  as  grow  from  Seeds.  For  Plants, 
in  their  firft  production,  do  fend  forth  two 
Leaves  adjoining  to  the  Seed;  and  then 
afterwards,  do  either  produce  two  other 
Leaves,  and  fo  fucceflively  before  any 
Stalk;  and  fuch  go  under  the  name  of 
XlocL,  Boldvy]^  or  Heri ;  or  elfe,  after  the 
firft  Leaves  fucceeding  to  the  Seed  Leaves, 
they  fend  forth  a  Stalk,  or  rudiment  of  a 
Stalk  before  any  other  Leaves,  and  fuch 
fall  under  the  Claflis  of  Aiv^^ov,  or  Tree. 
So  that,  in  this  natural  divifion,  there  are 
but  two  grand  differences,  that  is.  Tree 
and  HerL    The  Frutex  and  Suffrutex  have 

the 


Tra6t  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  6j 

the  way  of  produdion  from  the  Seed,  and 
in  other  refpeds  the  Suffrutkes,  or  Cremia, 
have  a  middle  and  participating  nature, 
and  referable  unto  Herbs. 

4z.  /  have  feen  the  ungodly  in  great  The  Bay  Tree^ 
power,  and  flourijhing  like  a  green  Bay  Tree.  '"/*     ^^' 
Both  Scripture  and  humane  Writers  draw 
frequent  illuftrations  from  Plants.    Scrih- 
nius  Largus  illuftrates  the  old  Cymbals 
from  the  Cotyledon  Falujlris,  or  Vmheli- 
CHS  Veneris,     Who  would  expeft  to  find 
Aaron  ^  Mitre  in  any  Plant  ?  yet  Jofephus 
hath  taken  fome  pains  to  make  out  the 
fame  in  the  feminal  knop  of  HyofcyamuSy 
or  Henbane.    The  Scripture  compares  the 
Figure  of  Manna  unto  the  Seed  of  Corian- 
der.    In  *  Jeremy  we  find  the  expreflion,  *  Jcr.  lo.  %\ 
Str eight  as  a  Palm  Tree :  And  here  the 
wicked  in  their  flourifhing  (late  are  like- 
ned unto  a  Bay  Tree.    Which,  fufficient-* 
ly  anfwering  the  fenfe  of  the  Text,  we 
are  unwilling  to  exclude  that  noble  Plant 
from  the  honour  of  having  its  name  in 
Scripture.     Yet  we  cannot  but  obferve, 
that  the  Septuagint  renders  it  Cedars,  and 
the  Vulgar  accordingly,  Fidi  impium  fu-, 
perexaltatum,  &  elevatum  ficut  Cedros  Li'>' 
hani',   and  the  Tranflation  of  Tremelius 
mentions  neither  Bay  nor  Cedar ;  Sefe  ex* 
plicantem  tanquam  Arhor  indigena  virens ; 
which  feems  to  have  been  followed  by  the 

F  2  laft 


6S     Obferv.  upon  fever al  Plants  Tradll. 

laft  Low  Dutch  Tranflation.  A  private 
Tranflation  renders  it  like  a  green  Je/f- 
"f-Am^vionh.  growing  "*"  Laurel.  The  High  Dutch  of 
Luther  s  Bible,  retains  the  word  Laurel ; 
and  fo  doth  the  old  Saxon  and  liland 
Tranflation  ;  fo  alfo  the  French,  Spaniih ; 
and  Italiarf  of  Diodati :  yet  his  Notes  ac- 
knowledge that  fome  think  it  rather  a 
Cedar,  and  others  any  large  Tree  in  a 
profpering  and  natural  Soil. 

But  however  thefe  Tranflations  differ, 
the  fenfe  is  allowable  and  obvious  unto  ap- 
prehenfion:  when  no  particular  Plant  is 
named,  any  proper  to  the  fenfe  may  be 
fuppofed ;  where  either  Cedar  or  Laurel 
is  mentioned,  if  the  preceding  words 
[^exalted  and  elevated^  be  u fed,  they  are 
more  appliable  unto  the  Cedar;,  where 
the  word  [^flourijhing  ]  is  ufed,  it  is  more 
agreeable  unto  the  Laurel,  which,  in  its 
profperity,  abounds  with  pleafant  Flowers, 
whereas  thofe  of  the  Cedar  are  very  little, 
and  fcarce  perceptible,  anfwerable  to  the 
Firre,  Pine  and  other  coniferous  Trees. 
Jhi  Figg  4j.  And  in  the  mornings  when  they  were 

sffiixk.  1 1/^^^^  /rf7/w  Bethany y  he  was  hungry ;  and 
i^,&c.  feeing  a  Figg  Tree  afar  off  having  Leaves, 
he  came,  if  haply  he  might  fnd  any  thing 
thereon ;  and  when  he  came  to  it,  he  found 
nothing  hut  Leaves :  for  the  time  of  Figgs 
was  not  yet.     Singular  conceptions  have 

pafled 


Tradl  I.  'mention  d  in  Scripture.  69 

pafled  from  learned  men  to  make  out  this 
paffige  of  S.  Mark,  which  ^  S.  Matthew  fo  *  Matt,  lu 
plainly  delivereth;  moft  men  doubting '^' 
why  our  Saviour  fliould  curfe  the  Tree 
for  bearing  no  Fruit,  when  the  time  of 
Fruit  was  not  yet  come ;  or  why  it  is  faid 
th2it*the  time  of  Figgs  was  not  yet,  when, 
notwithftanding,  Figgs  might  be  found  at 
that  feafon. 

•\HeinfiHSy  who  thinks  that  Elias  muft  t  "^^"^"* 
falve  the  doubt,  according  to  the  received '"  ^^""""* 
Reading  of  the  Text,  undertaketh  to  vary 
the  fame,  reading  8  ^  \v^  H^^^^  aivMv^ 
that  is,  for  where  he  ivas,  it  was  the  feafon 
or  time  for  Figgs. 

A  learned  ||  Interpreter  of  our  own,  11  c>.  Ham- 
without  alteration  of  accents  or  words,  °"°'^^* 
endeavours  to  falve  all,  by  another  inter- 
pretation of  the  fame,  QJ  ^  k^i^q^;  av-^v. 
For  it  was  not  a  good  or  feafonahle  year  for 

But,  becaufe  men  part  not  eafily  with 
old  beliefs,  or  the  received  conftru(ftion  of 
words,  we  iliall  briefly  fet  down  what 
may  be  alledged  for  it. 

And,  firft,  for  the  better  comprehenfi- 
on  of  all  deduftions  hereupon,  we  may 
confider  the  feveral  differences  and  diftinc- 
tions  both  of  Figg  Trees  and  their  Fruits, 
Suidas  upon  the  word  '\(^x^^  makes  four 
divifion^  of  Figgs,  "OAw'.^^,  ^!\>^%y  ^vttov 

F  J  and 


70     Obferv.  7iponfeveral  Plants  Tradl  I. 

and  'Icr^ci^.  But  becaufe  $kA«|  makes  no 
confiderable  diflinftion,  learned  men  do 
chiefly  infift  upon  the  three  others  ;  that 
is,  ""OAvv^g,  or  Grojfus  ,  which  are  the 
Buttons,  orfmall  fortofFiggs,  either  not 
ripe,  or  not  ordinarily  proceeding  to  ripe- 
nefs,  but  fall  away  at  leafl  in  the  greateft 
part,  and  efpecially  in  fliarp  Winters; 
which  are  alfo  named  Sj;;^^^^;,  and  diftin- 
guiflied  from  the  Fruit  of  the  wild  Figg, 
or  Caprjficus,  which  is  named  'E^ivihq,  and 
never  cometh  unto  ripenefs.  iThe  fecond 
is  called  ^uyuiv^  or  Fkus,  which  common-^ 
ly  proceedeth  unto  ripenefs  in  its  due  fea- 
fon.  A  third  the  ripe  Figg  dried,  which 
pnaketh  the  'la';^^^^,  or  Carrier. 

Of  Figg  Trees  there  are  alfo  many  divi- 
fions ;  For  fome  are  prodromi,  or  precoci-? 
ous,  which  bear  Fruit  very  early,  whether* 
they  bear  once,  or  oftner  in  the  year; 
fome  are  proterkce,  which  are  the  mofl: 
early  of  the  precocious  Trees,  and  bear 
fooneft  of  any ;  fome  are  leftivie,  which 
bear  in  the  common  feafon  of  the  Sum- 
mer, and  fome  ferot'tnce  which  bear  very 
late. 

Some  are  hiferous  and  tr'tferons,  which 
bear  twice  or  thrice  in  the  year,  and  fome 
are  of  the  ordinary  (landing  courfe,  whictj 
jnalie  up  the  expeded  feafon  of  Figgs. 

Again 


Tradl  L  mention  d  in  Scripture.  7 1 

Again  fome  Figg  Trees,  either  in  their 
proper  kind,  or  tertility  in  fome  fingle 
ones,  do  bear  Fruit  or  rudiments  of  Fruit 
all  the  year  long  ;  as  is  annually  obferva- 
ble  in  fome  kind  of  Figg  Trees  in  hot  and 
proper  regions  ;  and  m^y  alfo  be  obferved 
in  fome  Figg  Trees  of  more  temperate 
Countries,  m  years  of  no  great  difadvan- 
tage,  wherein,  when  the  Summer-ripe 
Figg  is  paft,  others  begin  to  appear,  and 
fo,  {landing  in  Buttons  all  the  Winter,  do 
either  fall  away  before  the  Spring,  or  elfe 
proceed  to  ripenefs. 

Now,  according  to  thefe  diftinftbns, 
we  may  meafure  the  intent  of  the  Text, 
and  endeavour  to  make  out  the  expreflion. 
For,  confidering  the  diverfity  of  thefe 
Trees,  and  their  feveral  frudifications ^ 
probable  or  pofTible  it  is,  that  fome  there- 
of were  implied,  and  may  literally  afford 
a  folution. 

And  firft,  though  it  was  not  the  feafon 
for  Figgs,  yet  fome  Fruit  might  have  been 
expected,  even  in  ordinary  bearing  Trees. 
For  the  Grojft  or  Buttons  appear  before  the 
Leaves,  efpecially  before  the  Leaves  are 
well  grown.  Some  might  have  flood  du- 
ring the  Winter,  and  by  this  time  been  of 
fome  growth :  Though  many  fall  offi  yet 
fome  might  remain  on,^nd  proceed  to- 
ward?  maturity.    And  we  find  that  good 

F  4  Hus- 


72     Obferv,  upon  [ever al  Plajtts  Tradll. 

Husbands  had  an  art  to  make  them  hold 
on,  as  is  deUvered  by  Theophrajliu. 

The  ^vKMv  or  common  Summer  Figg  was 
not  expedited ;  for  that  is  placed  by  Galen 
among  the  Frutius  Horarit,   or  Honei^ 
which  ripen  in  that  part  of  Summer,  cal- 
led'^He^,  and  {lands  commer^ded  by  him 
above  other  Fruits  of  that  feafon.     And  of 
this  kind  might  be  the  Figgs  which  were 
brought  unto  Cleopatra  in  a  Basket  toge- 
ther with  an  Afp,  according  to  the  time 
of  her  death  on.  the  nineteenth  of  ^^^^y?. 
And  that  our  Saviour  expeftcd  not  I'uch 
Figgs,  but  fome  other  kind,  feems  to  be 
.  implied  in  the  indefinite  expreiTion,  if  hap- 
ly he  might  find  any  thing  thereon ;  which 
in  that  Country,  and  the  variety  of  fuch 
TVees,  might  not  be  defpaired  of,  at  this 
feafon,  and  very  probably  hoped  for  in 
the  firft  precocious  and  early  bearing  Trees. 
And  that  there  were  precocious  and  early 
bearing  Trees  in  Judcea,  may  be  illuftra- 
ted  from  fome  expreffions  in  Scripture 
Jer.  24  2,  concerning  precocious  Figgs  ;   *  Calathus 
unus  hah  eh  at  Ficus  honas  nimis,  ficut  jolent 
ejfe  Ficus  primi  temporis ;  One  Basket  had 
very  good  Figgs,  even  like  the  Figgs  that 
are  firft  ripe.     And  the  like  might  be  more 
efpecially  expedted  in  this  place,  if  this 
remarkable  Tr^  be  rightly  placed  in  fome 
M^pps  of  Jerufalem ;  for  it  is  placed,  by 

Adri' 


Tradll.  vientmid  in  Scripture.  73 

Adrichomius,  in  or  nt2it  Bethphage,  which 
,  fome  conjeflrures  will  have  to  be  ihtHoufe 

I  ^/  ^-^<Sg^  •*  ^^^  ^^  ^'^^^  P'^^^  ^'§§  Trees  are 
I  ft  ill  to  be  found,  if  we  confult  the  Tra- 
vels of  Eidulphus, 

Again ,  in  this  great  variety  of  Figg 
Trees,  as  precocious,  proterical,  biferous, 
triferous,  and  always  bearing  Trees,  fome- 
thing  might  have  been  expefted,  though 
the  time  of  common  Figgs  was  not  yet. 
For  fome  Trees  bear  in  a  manner  all  the 
year ;  as  may  be  illuftrated  from  the  Epi- 
ftle  of  the  Emperour  Julian,  concerning 
his  Prefent  of  Damafcus  Figgs,  which  he 
commendeth  from  their  fucce/Tive  and  con- 
tinued growing  and  bearing,  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  Fruits  which  Homer  defcribeth 
in  the  Garden  oi  Alcinous^  And  though 
it  were  then  but  about  the  eleventh  of 
March,  yet,  in  the  Latitude  of  Jerufalem, 
the  Sun  at  that  time  hath  a  good  power 
in  the  day,  and  might  advance  the  matu- 
rity of  precocious  often-bearing  or  ever- 
bearing Figgs.  And  therefore  when  it  is 
faid  '^  that  S.  feter  flood  and  warmed  him-  *  s.  Mark 
felf  by  the  Fire  in  the  Judgment  Hall,  and  ^^'ll^^  ^2 
the  reafon  is  added  [  f  for  it  was  coW]  $5, 55. 
that  expreffion  might  be  interpofed  either  ^^'  |°^ 
to  denote  the  coolnefs  in  the  Morning, 
according  to  hot  Countries,  or  fome  ex- 
traordinary and  unufualcoldnefs,  which 

happe- 


74  Ob[erv.uf07i  fever al  Plants  Trad:  I. 
happened  at  that  time.  For  the  fame  Bi- 
dulphus,  who  was  at  that  time  of  the  year 
at  Jerufalem,  faith,  that  it  was  then  as  hot 
as  at  Midfummer  in  England :  and  we  find 
in  Scripture,  that  the  firft  Sheaf  of  Barley- 
was  offer'd  in  March. 

Our  Saviour  therefore,  feeing  a  Figg 
Tree  with  Leaves  well  fpread,  and  fo  as 
to  be  diftinguiihed  a  far  off]  went  unto  it, 
and  when  he  came,  found  nothing  but 
Leaves ;  he  found  it  to  be  no  precocious, 
or  always-bearing  Tree :  And  though  it 
were  not  the  time  for  Summer  Figgs, 
yet  he  found  no  rudiments  thereof;  and 
though  he  expeded  not  common  Figgs, 
yet  fomething  might  happily  have  been 
expefted  of  fome  other  kind,  according 
to  different  fertility,  and  variety  of  pro- 
duction; but,  difcovering  nothing,  he 
found  a  Tree  anfwering  the  State  of  the 
Jewifli  Rulers,  barren  unto  all  expefta- 
tion. 

And  this  is  confonant  unto  the  myftery 
of  the  Story,  wherein  the  Figg  Tree  de- 
noteth  the  Synagogue  and  Rulefs  of  the 
Jews,  whom  God  having  peculiarly  cul- 
tivated, fingularly  blefled  and  cheriflied, 
he  expefted  from  them  no  ordinary,  flow, 
or  cuftomaryfruftification,  but  an  earli- 
nefs  in  good  Works,  a  precocious  or  con- 
tinued fruftification,  and  was  not  content 

with 


Trad:  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  75 

with  common  after-bearing;  and  might 

juftly  have  expoftulated  with  the  Jews,  as 

God  by  the  Prophet  "^  Mkah  did  with  their  *  Micah  7.  i. 

Forefathers;   Pracoquas  F/cus  defideravit 

Anima  me  a,  My  Soul  longed  for  ^  (or  defi- 

red)  early  ripe  Fruits y  hut  ye  are  lecort$e 

as  a  Vine  already  gathered,  and  there  is 

no  clufler  upon  you, 

Laftly ,  In  this  account  of  the  Figg  Tree, 
the  myftery  and  fymbolical  fenfe  is  chief- 
ly to  be  looked  upon.  Our  Saviour,  there- 
fore, taking  a  hint  from  his  hunger  to  go 
i  unto  this  fpecious  Tree,  and  intending,  by 
j  this  Tree,  to  declare  a  Judgment  upon  the 
I  Synagogue  and  people  of  the  Jews ,  he 
i  came  unto  the  Tree,  and,  after  the  ufual  ♦ 
manner,  inquired,  and  looked  about  for 
fome  kind  of  Fruit,  as  he  had  done  before 
in  the  Jews,  but  found  nothing  but  Leaves 
and  fpecious  outfides,  as  he  had  alfo  found 
in  them ;  and  when  it  bore  no  Fruit  like 
them,  when  he  expefted  it,  and  came  to 
look  for  it,  though  it  were  not  the  time 
of  ordinary  Fruit,  yet  failing  when  he  re- 
quired it,  in  the  myfterious  fenfe,  'twas 
fruitlefs  longer  to  expeft  it.  For  he  had 
come  unto  them,  and  they  were  nothing 
fruftified  by  it,  his  departure  approached, 
and  his  time  of  preaching  was  now  at  an 
end. 

Now, 


7^     Obferv.upon Jeveral  Pla7its  Tracftl. 

Now,  in  this  account,  befides  the  Mi- 
racle, fome  things  are  naturally  confide- 
rable.     For  it  may  be  queftion'd  how  the 
Figg  Tree,  naturally  a  fruittuU  Plant,  be- 
came barren,  for  it  had  no  fliew  or  fo 
niuch  as  rudiment  of  Fruit :  And  it  was, 
in  old  time,  a  fignal  Judgment  of  God, , 
that  the  Figg  Ire^  Jhould  hear  no  Fruit :  j 
and  therefore  this  Tree  may  naturally  be  1 
conceived  to  have  been  under  fome  Dif- 
eafe  indifpofing  it  to  fuch  frudification. 
And  this,  in  the  Pathology  of  Plants,  may 
be  the  Difeafe  of  ^^Mo,M^i//a,  I/z^l/M/t^o^,- 
or  fuperfoliation  mention'd  by  Tbeophra-^ 
ftus ;  whereby  the  fruftifying  Juice  is  ftar- 

^  ved  by  the  excefs  of  Leaves;  which  in  this 
Tree  were  already  fo  full  fpread,  that  it 
might  be  known  and  diftinguiihed  a  far 
off.  And  this  was,  alfo,  a  iharp  refem- 
blance  of  the  hypocrifie  of  the  Rulers, 
made  up  of  fpecious  outfides,  and  fruitlefs 
oftentation,  contrary  to  the  Fruit  of  the 

^  Figg  Tree,  Vv^hich,  filled  with  a  fvveet  and 
pleafant  pulp,  makes  no  ftiew  without, 
not  fo  much  as  of  any  Flower. 

Some  naturals  are  alfo  confiderable  from 
the  propriety  of  this  punifliment  fettled 
upon  a  Figg  Tree  :  For  infertility  and  bar- 
rennefs  feems  more  intolerable  in  this 
Tree  than  any,  as  being  a  Vegetable  fin^ 
gularly  conftituted  for  produftion ;  fo  far 

from 


Tra(5l  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  jy 

from  bearing  no  Fruit  that  it  may  be  made 
to  bear  almoll:  any.  And  therefore  the 
Ancients  fingled  out  this  as  the  fitteft  Tree 
whereon  to  graft  and  propagate  other 
Fruits,  as  containing  a  plentifull  and  live- 
ly Sap,  whereby  other  Cyons  would  pro- 
fper :  And,  therefore,  this  Tree  was  alfo 
facred  unto  the  Deity  of  Fertility :  and 
the  Statua  of  Priapus-  was  made  of  the 
Figg  Tree. 

Olim  Tr uncus  eram  Ficulnus  inutile  Lignum,    M. 

It  hath  alfo  a  peculiar  advantage  to  pro- 
duce and  maintain  its  Fruit  above  all  other 
Plants,  as  not  fubjed:  to  mifcarry  in  Flow- 
ers and  Bloflbmes,  from  accidents  of  Wind 
and  Weather.  For  it  beareth  no  Flowers 
outwardly,  and  fuch  as  it  hath,  are  within 
the  Coat,  as  the  later  examination  of  Na- 
turalifts  hath  difcovered. 

Laftly,  It  was  a  Tree  wholly  conftitu- 
ted  for  Fruit,  w^herein  if  it  faileth,  it  is  in 
a  manner  ufelefs,  the  Wood  thereof  being 
of  fo  little  ufe,  that  it  affbrdeth  proverbial 
expreffions, 

HoY/io  Ficulneus,  argument  urn  Ficulneum. 

for  things  of  no  validity. 

44.  / 


7  8     Obferv.  upon  fever al  Plants  Trad.  L 

the  Falm  44.  I  f aid  I  will  go  up  into  the  Palm 

Tree,  in  Tree,  and  take  hold  of  the  Boughs  thereof. 
Cant.  7.  .  ^pj^-g  expreffion  is  more  agreeable  unto  the 
Palm  than  is  commonly  apprehended,  for 
that  it  is  a  tall  bare  Tree  bearing  its  Boughs 
but  at  the  top  and  upper  part ;  fo  that  it 
muft  be  afcended  betbre  its  Boughs  or 
Fruit  can  be  attained :  And  the  going,  get- 
ting or  climbing  up,  may  be  Emphatical 
•  in  this  Tree ;  for  the  Trunk  or  Body  there- 
of is  naturally  contrived  for  afcenfion,  and 
made  with  advantage  for  getting  up,  as 
having  many  welts  and  eminencies,  and 
fo  as  it  were  a  natural  Ladder,  and  Staves, 
*  Piin.  13.  by  which  it  may  be  climbed,  as*P liny  ob- 
cap.  4.  ferveth,  Palmce  teretes  atque  proceres,  den- 
fis  quadratifque  potttcihus  facile s  fe  adfcan^ 
dendum  pra^hent,  by  this  way  men  are 
able  to  get  up  into  it.  And  the  Figures 
of  Indians  thus  climbing  the  fame  are  gra- 
phically defcribed  in  the  Travels  of  Lin- 
fchvt^n.  This  Tree  is  often  mentioned  in 
Scripture,  and  was  fo  remarkable  in  J«- 
d^a,  that  in  after-times  it  became  the 
Emblem  of  that  Country,  as  may  be  {cQn 
in  that  Medal  of  the  Emperour  Titus,  with 
a  Captive  Woman  fitting  under  a  Palm, 
and  the  Infcription  of  Judaa  Capta,  And 
Pliny  confirmeth  the  fame  when  he  faith, 
Judaea  Palmis  inclyta. 

45-.  Many 


Tra(5t  L  mention  d  in  Scripture.  7^ 

45-.  Many  things  are  mention'd  in  Scrip-  tuus^  in 
ture,  which  have  an  Eniphafis  from  this^^|^^*^*'>^» 
or  the  neighbour  Countries:  Forbefides 
the  Cedars,  the  Syrian  LiUes  are  taken 
notice  of  by  Writers.     That  expreffion  in 
the  Canticles,  *  Thou  art  fair  ^  thou  art  fair,  *  Cant.  4.  i. 
thou  hafl  Doves  eyes,  receives  a  particular 
character,  if  we  look  not  upon  our  com- 
mon Pigeons,  but  the  beauteous  and  fine 
ey'd  Doves  of  Syria. 

When  the  Rump  is  fo  ftriftly  taken 
notice  of  in  the  Sacrifice  of  the  Peace 
Offering ,  in  thefe  words,    f  The  whole  t  Lcvit.  %.  9. 
Rump,  it  fhall  he  taken  off  hard  hy  the 
Back-hone,  it  becomes  the  more  confide- 
rable  in  reference  to  this  Country,  where 
Sheep  had  fo  large  Tails  ;  which,  accor- 
ding to  \\AriJiotle,  were  a  Cubit  broad  5  ll  Ariftor. 
and  fo  they  are  ftill,  as  Be/Ionius  hath  de- ^^^j'^"'"'^^- 
livered. 

When  'tis  faid  in  theCanticles,  f  T'/^y  +  Cant,4.  2. 
Teeth  are  as  a  Flock  of  Sheep,  which  go  up 
from  the  wafhing,  whereof  every  one  heareth 
Twins,  and  there  is  not  one  barren  among 
them  ;  it  may  feem  hard  unto  us  of  thefe 
parts  to  find  whole  Flocks  bearing  Twins, 
and  not  one  barren  among  them;  yet 
may  this  be  better  conceived  in  the  fertile 
Flocks  of  thofe  Countries,  where  Sheep 
have  fo  often  two,  fometimes  three,  and 
fometimes  four,  and  which  is  fo  frequent- 
ly ob- 


So     Ob  few.  upon  fever  al  Plants  Tradt  L  j 

ly  obferved  by  Writers  of  the  neighbour  I 
Country  of  ^gyft.  And  this  fecundity,  i 
and  iruitiulneft  of  their  Flocks,  is  anfwe- 1 
rable  unto  the  expreffion  of  the  Pfalmift,  \ 

*  Pfal.  144.  '*'  That  our  Sheep  may  hring  forth  thoufands 
^5'  and  ten  thoufands  in  our  Streets,     And 

hereby,  befides  what  was  fpent  at  their 
Tables,  a  good  fupply  was  made  for  the 
great  confumption  of  Sheep  in  their  feve- 
ral  kinds  of  Sacrifices;  and  of  fo  ma- 
ny thoufand  Male  unblemilhed  yearUng 
Lambs,  which  were  required  at  their 
Pafleovers. 

Nor  need  we  wonder  to  find  fo  frequent 
mention  both  of  Garden  and  Field  Plants ; 
fince  Syria  was  notable  of  old  for  this  cu* 
riofity  and  variety,  according  to  Fliny,  Sy- 
ria hortis  operojijfima  ;  and  fince  Bellonius 
hath  fo  lately  obferved  of  Jerufalem,  that 
its  hilly  parts  did  fo  abound  with  Plants, 
that  they  might  be  compared  unto  Mount 
Ida  in  Crete  or  Candia;   which  is  the 
moft  noted  place  for  noble  Simples  yet 
known. 
Trees  and         46.  Though  fo  many  Plants  have  their 
Herbs  mt     exprcfs  Namcs  in  Scripture,   yet  others 
nam'd  in      are  implied  m  lome  Texts  which  are  not 
Scripture,     explicitly  mention'cj.     In    the  Feaft  of 
Tabernacles  or  Booths,  the  Law  was  this, 

♦  Lc?it.  23.  *  Thou  jh alt  take  unto  thee  Boughs  of  good- 
^®'  ly  Trees ^  Branches  of  the  Palm,  and  the 

Boughs 


Tra6l  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  8 1 

Boughs  of  thick  Trees,  and  Willows  of  the 
Brook.    Now  though  the  Text  defcendeth 
not  unto  particulars  of  the  goodly  Trees^  and 
thick  Trees  ;  yet  Maimonides  will  tell  u^ 
that  for  a  goodly  Tree  they  made  ufe  of  the 
Citron  Tree,  which  is  fair  and  goodly  to 
the  eye,  and  well  profpering  in  that  Coun- 
try: And  that  for  the  thick  Trees  they 
ufed  the  Myrtle,  which  was  no  rare  or  in^ 
frequent  Plant  among  them.    And  though 
it  groweth  but  low  in  our  Gardens,  was 
not  a  little  Tree  in  thofe  parts ;  in  which 
Plant  alfo  the  Leaves  grew  thick,  and  al*- 
mod  covered   the   Stalk.     And  Curtius 
'^  Symphorianus  in  his  defcription  of  the  *  Curtiui 
Exotick  Myrtle,  makes  it.  Folio denfijfimo^'^ ^"^^^^^^ 
fenis  in  ordinern  verfibus.     The  Pafchal 
Lamb  was  to  be  eaten  with  bitternefs  or 
bitter  Herbs,  not  particularly  fet  down  iit 
Scripture :  but  the  Jewifli  Writers  declare, 
that  they  made  ufe  of  Succory,  and  wild 
Lettuce,  which  Herbs  while  fome  con-^ 
ceive  they  could  not  get  down,  as  being 
very  bitter,  rough  and  prickly,  they  may 
confider  that  the  time  of  the  Pafiedver  was 
in  the  Spring,  when  thefe  Herbs  are  young 
and  tender,  and  confequently  lefs  unplea- 
fant:  befides,  according  to  the  Jewifli  cu- 
ftom,  thefe  Herbs  were  dipped  in  theC^^- 
rofeth  or  Sawce  made  of  Raifins  ftamped 
with  Vinegar,  and  were  alfo  eaten  with 
G  Bread  I 


82     Obferv.  upon  fever  al  Plants  TradlL 

Bread  ;  and  they  had  four  Cups  of  Wine 
allowed  unto  them ;  and  it  was  fufficient 
to  take  but  a  pittance  of  Herbs,  or  the 
quantity  of  an  Olive. 
Reeds  in         47.  Though  the  famous  paper  Reed  of 
scrtpture.     Mgjft ,  be  onely  particularly  named  in 
'   Scripture  ;   yet  when  Reeds  are  fo  often 
mention  d,  without  fpecial  name  or  dl- 
ftinftion,  we  may  conceive  their  differen- 
ces may  be  comprehended,  and  that  they 
were  not  all  of  one  kind,  or  that  the  com- 
mon Reed  was  onely  implied.    For  men- 
»Ezck4o.$.  tion  is  made  in  *  Ezekieloi  a  meafuring 
Reed  of  fix  Culits  :    we  find  that  they 
fmote  our  Saviour  on  the  Head  with  a 
f  5.  Matc.27.  t  Reed,  and  put  a  Sponge  with  Vinegar  on 
^^'^  '        2L  Reed,  which  was  long  enough  to  reach  to 
his  mouth,  while  he  was  upon  the  Croft; 
And  with  fuch  differences  of  Reeds,  f^al- 
latory,  Sagittary,  Scriptory^   and  others, 
they  might  be  furniflied  in  Judcea:  For 
II  Iofh.15.17.  we  find  in  the  portion  of  |1  Ephraim,  Vallis 
armdtneti ;  and  fo  fet  down  in  the  Mapps 
oiAdricomius,  and  in  our  Tranflation  the 
KivtxKana,  ov^rooko'i  Canes.    And  Bel- 
lontus  tells  us  that  the  River  Jordan  affbr- 
deth  plenty  and  variety  of  Reeds;  out 
of  fome  whereof  the  Arabs  make  Darts, 
and  light  Lances,  and  out  of  others.  Ar- 
rows; and  withall  that  there  plentifully 
groweth  the  fine  Calamus ^  arundo  Scrips 

toria. 


TradlL  mention  di7i  Scripture.  8^ 

toria,  or  writing  Reed,  which  they  gather 
with  the  greateft  care,  as  being  of  Angu- 
lar ufe  and  commodity  at  home  and  a- 
broad  ;  a  hard  Reed  about  the  compafs  of 
a  Goofe  or  Swans  Quill,  whereof  I  have 
it^n  fome  polifhed  and  cut  with  a  Webb ; 
which  is  in  common  ufe  for  writing 
throughout  the  Turkifli  Dominions,  they 
ufing  not  the  Quills  of  Birds. 

And  whereas  the  fame  Authour  with 
other  defcribers  of  thefe  parts  afErmeth, 
that  the  River  Jordan,  not  far  from  Jeri- 
CO,  is  but  fuch  a  Stream  as  a  youth  may 
throw*  a  Stone  over  it,  or  about  eight  fa- 
thoms broad,  it  doth  not  diminiih  the  ac- 
count and  folemnity  of  the  miraculous 
pajflage  of  the  Ifraelites  under  Jofhua ;  For 
it  muft  be  confidered,  that  they  pailed  it 
in  the  time  of  Harveft,  when  the  River 
was  high,  and  the  Grounds  about  it  under 
Water,  according  to  that  pertinent  paren- 
thefis.  As  the  Feet  of  the  Priejis,  which 
carried  the  Ark,  were  dipped  in  the  brim 
of  the  Water,  (for  *  Jordan  overfloweth  all  *  Joili.  3. 1$. 
its  Banks  at  the  time  of  Harveft.)  In  this 
confideration  it  was  well  joined  with  the 
sreat  River  Euphrates,  in  that  expreflion 
m  f  Ecclefiafticus,  God  maketh  the  under*  tEcclu5.34* 
(ianding  to  abound  like  Euphrates^  and  as  ^^* 
Jordan  in  the  time  of  Harveft. 

G  %  Tht 


84     Obferv.  upon  [ever al  Plants  TradlL 

Ziziania,  in       48.  The  Kingdom  of  Heaven  is  likened 

^'  ^^^^'J^'  unto  a  man  which  fowed good  Seed  in  his 

'  Field y  hut   while  men  jlept ,    his  Enemy 

came  and  fowed  Tares  (or,  as  the  Greek, 

Zizania)  among  the  Wheat, 

Now,  how  to  render  Zizania,  and  to 
what  fpecies  of  Plants  to  confine  it,  there 
is  no  flender  doubt ;  for  the  word  is  not 
mention  d  in  other  paifts  of  Scripture,  nor 
in  any  ancient  Greek  Writer :  it  is  not  to 
be  found  in  Ariflotle,  Theophrajlus ,  or 
Diofcorides.  Some  Greek  and  Latin  Fa- 
thers have  made  ufe  of  the  fame,  as  alfo 
Suidas  and  Vhavorinm ;  but  probably  they 
have  all  derived  it  from  this  Text. 

And  therefore  this  obfcurity  might  ca- 
fily  occafion  fuch  variety  in  Trandations 
and  Expofitions.  For  fome  retain  the 
word  Zizania,  as  the  Vulgar,  that  of  Be- 
za,  o':  Junius,  and  alfo  the  Italian  and  Spa- 
nifh.  The  Low  Dutch  renders  it  Oncruidt, 
the  German  Oncraut,  or  Herha  Mala,  the 
French  I'uroye  or  Lolium,  and  the  Englifli 
Tares. 

Befides,  this  being  conceived  to  be  a 
Syriack  word,  it  may  flill  add  unto  the 
uncertainty  of  the  fenfe.  For  though  this 
Gofpel  were  firft  written  in  Flebrew,  or 
Syriack,  yet  it  is  not  unqueftionable  whe- 
ther the  true  Original  be  any  where  ex- 
'     tant :  And  that  Syriack  Gopy  which  we 

now 


Tradt  I.  mention  d  in  Scripture.  85 

now  have,  is  conceived  to  be  of  far  later 
iimtthinS.  Matthew. 

Expofitours  and  Annotatours  are  alfo 
various.  Hugo  Grotiiis  hath  parted  the 
word  Zizania  without  a  Note.  DioJati^ 
retaining  tlie  word  Zizania^  conceives  that 
it  was  fome  peculiar  Herb  growing  among 
the  Corn  of  thofe  Countries,  and  not 
known  in  our  Fields.  But  Emanuel  de  Sa 
interprets  it,  Plantas  femhi  noxias,  andfo 
accordingly  fome  others. 

Buxtorfius^  in  his  Rabbinical  Lexicon^ 
gives  divers  interpretations,  fometimes  for 
degenerated  Corn,  fometimes  for  the  black 
Seeds  in  Wheat,  but  withall  concludes,  an 
hcec  fit  eadem  'vox  aut  fpecies,  cum  Ziza^ 
nia  apud  Evangeliftam,  quarant  alii.  But 
Lexicons  and  Dic3:ionaries  by  Zizania  do 
almoft  generally  underftand  Lolium,  which  . 
we  call  Darnel,  *nd  commonly  confine  the 
fignification  to  that  Plant :  Notwithftan- 
ding,  fmce  Lolium  had  a  known  and  recei- 
ved Name  in  Greek,  fome  may  be  apt  to 
doubt,  why,  if  that  Plant  were  particu- 
larly intended,  the  proper  Greek  word  was 
not  ufed  in  the  Text.  For  ^  Theophraflus  *  «fca>«5$. 
named  Lolium  Al^,  and  hath  often  men-  J^°j^/^j{|' 
tioned  that  Plant;  and  in  one  place  faith  /.  s." 
that  Corn  doth  fometimes  Lolie/cere  or 
degenerate  into  Darnel.  Diofcorides,  who 
travelled  over  Judcea,  gives  it  the  fame 
G  3  name. 


8(^     Obferv.uponjeveral Plants  Tract! 

name,  which  is  alfo  to  be  found  in  Gale», 
/^tius^iwd/^gifieta;  and  P//;y' hath  fome- 
times  latinized  that  word  into  ^r a, 

Befides,  Lolium  or  Darnel  ihews  it  felf  in 
the  Winter,  growing  up  with  the  Wheat ; 
and  Theophrajlus  oblerved  that  it  was  no 
Vernal  Plant,  but  came  up  in  the  Winter ; 
which  will  not  well  anfwer  the  expreflion 
of  the  Text,  And  when  the  Blade  came  up^ 
and  brought  forth  Fruit,  or  gave  evidence 
>  of  its  Fruit,  the  Zizania  appeared.  And 
if  the  Husbandry  of  the  Ancients  were 
agreeable  unto  ours,  they  would  not  have 
been  fo  earned  to  weed  away  the  Darnel  ; 
for  our  Husbandmen  do  not  commonly 
weed  it  in  the  Field,  but  feparate  the  Seeds 
after  Thrafliing.  And  therefore  Galen  de- 
livereth,  that  in  an  unfeafonable  year,  and 
great  fcarcity  of  Corn,  when  they  neglec- 
ted to  feparate  the  Darnel,  the  Bread  pro- 
ved generally  unwholfome,  and  had  evil 
effefts  on  the  Head. 

Our  old  and  later  Tranflation  render 
Zizamay  Tares,  which  name  our  Englilh 
Botanifts  give  unto  Aracus,  Cracca,  Vicia 
fylveftrtSy  calling  them  Tares,  and  ftran- 
gling  Tares.  And  our  Husbandmen  by 
Tares  underftand  fome  forts  of  wild  Fit- 
ches, which  grow  amongft  Corn,  and 
clafp  upon  it,  according  to  the  Latin  Ety- 
mology, VtQia  a  Vmtendo.    Now  in  this 

uncer- 


Trad:!,  vientiond  in  Scripture.  87 

uncertainty  of  the  Original,  Tares  as  well 
as  fome  others,  may  make  out  the  fenfe, 
and  be  alfo  more  agreeable  unto  the  cir- 
!cumftances  of  the  Parable.  For  they  come 
up  and  appear  what  they  are,  when  the 
Blade  of  the  Corn  is  come  up,  and  alfo 
tiiQ  Stalk  and  Fruit  difcoverable.  They 
havelikewife  little  fpreading  Roots,  which 
may  intangle  or  rob  the  good  Roots,  and 
they  have  alfo  tendrils  and  clafpers,  which 
Jay  hold  of  what  grows  near  them,  and  fo 
can  hardly  be  weeded  without  endange- 
ring the  neighbour  Corn. 

However,  if  by  Zizania  we  underfland 
Herhasfegeti  noxias,  owitiafegetum,  as 
fome  Expofitours  have  done,  and  take  the 
word  in  a  more  general  fenfe,  comprehen- 
ding feveral  Weeds  and  Vegetables  offen- 
five  unto  Corn,  according  as  the  Greek 
word  in  the  plural  Number  may  imply, 
and  as  the  learned  '^  Laurenlergius  hath*DeHorti 
.exprefled,  Runcare  quod  apud nofiratesWe-^^^^^^^* 
den  dicitury  Zizanias  inuttles  efi  evellere. 
If,  I  fay,  it  be  thus  taken,  we  fliall  not 
need  to  be  definitive,  or  confine  unto  one 
j)articular  Plant,  from  a  word  which  may 
comprehend  divers:  And  this  may  alfo 
prove  a  fafer  fenfe,  in  fuch  obfcurity  of 
«:he  Original. 

And  therefore  fince  in  this  Parable  the 

fower  of  tlie  Zizania  is  the  Devil,  and  the 

G  4  Ziza- 


88     Obferv.uponfeveral  Plants  Tradtl 

Zizania  wicked  perfons ;  if  any  from  this 

larger  acception ,   will  take  in  Thiftles, 

Darnel,  Cockle,  wild  ftrangling  Fitches, 

Bindweed,  Trihulus ,  Reftharrow  and  o- 

ther  Fitia  Segetum ;  he  may,  both  from 

the  natural  and  fymbolical  qualities  of  thofe 

Vegetables,  have  plenty  of  matter  to  iJlu- 

,      ftrate  the  variety  of  his  mifchiefs,  and  of 

the  wicked  of  this  world. 

CQc\le,  in         ^p.  When  'tis  faid  in  Job,  Let  thijlles 

]Qb  31,40.  ^^^^^  ^^   -^j^^^j  of  Wheat,  and  Cockle  in- 

Jlead  of  Barley,  the  words  are  intelligible, 
"  the  fenfe  allowable  and  fignificant  to  this 
purpofe :  but  whether  the  word  Cockle 
doth  ftriclly  conform  unto  the  Original, 
fome  doubt  may  be  made  from  the  diffe- 
rent Tranflations  of  it ;  For  the  Vulgar 
tenders  it  Spina,  Tremelius  Fitia  Frugum, 
and  the  Geneva  Turoye  or  Darnel.  Befides, 
whether  Cockle  were  common  in  the  an- 
jcient  Agriculture  of  thofe  parts,  or  what 
word  they  ufed  for  it,  is  of  great  uncer- 
tainty. Tor  the  Elder  Botanical  Writers 
have  made  no  mention  thereof,  and  the 
Moderns  have  given  it  the  Name  of  Tfei^ 
domelanthium,  Nigellaftrum^  Lychnoeides 
Segetum,  names  not  known  unto  Antiqui- 
ty :  And  therefore  our  Tranflation  hath 
warily  fet  down  [noifme  Weeds']  in  thii 
iVlargin, 

TRACT 


TRACT    II. 


O  F 

GARLANDS, 

AND 

Coronary  or  Garland-plants, 


Sir, 

TH  E  ufe  of  flo wry  Crowns  and  Gar- 
lands is  of  no  flender  Antiquity, 
and  higher  than  I  conceive  you 
apprehend  it.  For,  befides  the  old  Greeks 
and  Romans,  the  ^Egyptians  made  ufe 
hereof;  who,  befide  the  bravery  of  their 
Garlands,  had  little  Birds  upon  them  to 
peck  their  Heads  and  Brows,  and  fo  to 
keep  them  fleeping  at  their  Feftival  com- 
potations.  This  pradice  alfo  extended  as 
far  ^s  India :  for  at  the  Feaft  with  the  In- 
dian 


po  Of  Garlands^  and    TracfllL 

dian  King,  it  is  peculiarly  obferved  by 
Thtloflratus  that  their  cuftom  was  to  wear 
Garlands,  and  come  crowned  with  them 
unto  their  Feaft. 

The  Crowns  and  Garlands  of  the  Anci- 
ents were  either  Geftatory,  fuch  as  they 
wore  about  their  Heads  or  Necks ;  Porta- 
tory,  fuch  as  they  carried  at  folemn  Fefli- 
vals;  Penfile  or  Sufpenfory,  fuch  as  tfaey 
hanged  about  the  Pofts  of  their  Houfes  in 
honour  of  their  Gods,  as  of  Jupiter  Thy- 
raeus  or  Ltmenem  ;  or  elfe  they  were  De- 
pofitory,  fuch  as  they  laid  upon  the  Graves 
and  Monuments  of  the  dead.  And  thefe 
were  made  up  after  all  ways  x)f  Art,  Com- 
paftile,  Sutile,  Pleftile ;  for  which  Work 
-tJtiere  were  g-e^aroTrAoi^oi,  or  expert  Perfons 
•  to  contrive  them  after  the  bell  grace  and 
property. 

Though  we  yield  not  unto  them  in  the 
beauty  of  £owTy  Garlands,  yet  fome  of 
thofe  of  Antiquity  were  larger  than  any 
we  lately  meet  with :  for  we  find  in  Athe- 
Ticeus  that  a  Myrtle  Crown  of  one  and 
twenty  foot  in  compafs  wa^sfolemnly  car- 
ried about  at  the  HeUoti^n  leaft  in  Co- 
rinth^ together  with  the  Bones  of  Eu- 

^  -.  And  Garlands  werefurely  of  frequent 
*  ^Pp^'l^'  wfe  among  them ;  for  we  reside  in  *  Galen 
Zm,  that  when  Hippocrates  cured  the  great 

Plague 


Tradt  II.  Coronary  or  Garland-plants,    p  i 

Plague  of  Athens  by  Fires  kindled  in  and 
about  the  City  ;  the  fuel  thereof  confifted 
much  of  their  Garlands.  And  they  muft 
needs  be  very  frequent  and  of  common 
ufe,  the  ends  thereof  being  many.  For 
they  were  convivial,  feftival,  facrificial, 
nuptial,  honorary,  funebrial.  We  who 
propofe  unto  our  felves  the  pleafure  of 
two  Senfes,  and  onely  fingle  out  fuch  as 
are  of  Beauty  and  good  Odour,  cannot 
flridtly  confine  our  felves  unto  imitation 
of  them. 

For,  in  their  convivial  Garlands,  they 
had  refped:  unto  Plants  preventing  drun- 
kennefs,  or  difcuffing  the  exhalations  from 
Wine;  wherein,  befide  Rofes,  taking  in 
-Ivy,  Vervain,  Melilote,  &c.  they  made 
ufe  of  divers  of  fmall  Beauty  or  good  O^- 
dour.  The  folemn  feftival  Garlands  were 
made  properly  unto  their  Gods,  and  ac- 
cordingly contrived  from  Plants  facred 
iinto  fuch  Deities;  and  their  lacrificial 
ones  were  feledled  under  fuch  confidera- 
tions.  Their  honorary  Crowns  trium- 
phal, ovary,  civical,  obfidional,  had  little 
of  Flowers  in  them :  and  their  funebri- 
al Garlands  had  little  of  beauty  in  them 
befide  Rofes,  while  they  made  them  of 
Myrtle,  Rofemary,  Apium,  ^c,  under 
fymbolical  intimations  :  but  our  jflorid 
and  purely  ornamental  Garlands,  delight- 
ful!    ^ 


p2  Of  Garlands,  and    Tradlll. 

full  unto  fight  and  fmell,  nor  framed  ac- 
cording to  myftical  and  fymbolical  confi- 
derations,  are  of  more  free  eledion,  and 
fo  may  be  made  to  excell  thofe  of  the  An- 
cients ;  we  having  China,  India,  and  a 
new  world  to  fupply  us,  befide  the  great 
diftindtion  of  Flowers  unknown  unto  An- 
tiquity, and  the  varieties  thereof  arifing 
from  Art  and  Nature. 

But,  befide  Vernal,  i5,ftival  arid  Autum- 
nal made  of  Flowers,  the  Ancients  had  al- 
fo  Hyemal  Garlands  ;  contenting  them- 
felves  at  firft  with  fuch  as  were  made  of 
Horn  died  into  feveral  Colours,  and  Iha- 
ped  into  the  Figures  of  Flowers,  and  alfo 
of  ^s  Cor onar turn  or  Clincquant  or  Brafs 
thinly  wrought  out  into  Leaves  common- 
ly known  among  us.  But  the  curiofity 
of  fome  Emperours  for  fuch  intents  had 
Rofes  brought  {tom/^gypt  untill  they  had 
found  the  art  to  produce  late  Rofes  in 
Rome,  and  to  make  them  grow  in  the 
Winter,  as  is  delivered  in  that  handfome 
Epigramme  of  Martial, 

At  tu  Romance  jujfus  jam  cedere  Brumce 
Mitte  tuas  mejfes,  Accipe,  Nik,  Rofas. 

Some  American  Nations,  who  do  much 
excell  in  Garlands,  content  not  themfelves 
onely  with  Flowers ,  but  make  elegant 

Crowns 


Tra6l  II.  Coronary  or  Garland-plants.     ^3 

Crowns  of  Feathers,  whereof  they  have 
fome  of  greater  radiancy  and  luftre  than 
their  Flowers  :  and  fince  there  is  an  Art 
to  fet  into  (hapes,  and  curioufly  to  work 
in  choiceft  Feathers,  there  could  nothing 
anfwer  the  Crowns  made  of  the  choiceft 
Feathers  of  fome  Tomineios  and  Sun  Birds. 

The  Catalogue  of  Coronary  Plants  is 
not  large  in  Theophrajlus,  Pliny ^  Pollux, 
or  AtherKBus :  but  we  may  find  a  good 
enlargement  in  the  accounts  of  Modern 
Botanifts;  and  additions  may  ftill  be  made 
by  fuccelTive  acquifts  of  fair  and  fpecious 
Plants,  not  yet  tranflated  from  foreign  Re- 
gions or  little  known  unto  our  Gardens ; 
he  that  would  be  complete  may  take  no- 
tice of  thefe  following, 

Flos  TigriJis, 

Flos  Lyncis, 

Pinea  tndica  Recchi,  Talama  Ouiedi, 

Herla  ParaJiJea. 

Voluhilis  Mexkanus,  . 

Nardffiis  Indicus  Serpentarius. 

Helkhryfum  Mexkanum, 

Xkama, 

Aquilegia  novae  H'lfpan'm  Cacoxochitli  Rec" 

cbi, 
Arijlochaea  Mexkana. 
Camaratinga  Jive  Caragunta  quart  a  Pifonis. 

Mara* 


4 


5^4  Of  Gar  lands  J  and     Trad  II 

Maracttia  Granadilla, 
Camlay  five  Myrtus  Americana. 
Flos  Aurkulos  Flor  de  la  Or  eta. 
Flor'tpendio  novae  Hifpanice. 
Rofa  Indica, 
*Z.tlium  Indicum. 
Fula  Magori  Garcia, 
Champe  Garcia  Champacca  Bontii. 
Daullontas  frutex  odoratus  feu  Chamoeme* 

lum  arhorefcens  BontiL 
Beidelfar  Alptni, 
Samhuc, 

Amherboi  Turcarttm, 
Nuphar  ^gyptium, 
Ltlionarcijfus  Indicus. 
Bamma  JEgyptiacum, 
Hiucca  Canadenfis  horti  Farnefianu 
Buptbalmum  novce  Hifpanm  Alepocapath, 
Valeriana  feu  Chryfanthemum  Americanum 

Acocotlis. 
Flos  Corvinus  Coronarius  Americanus. 
Capolin  Cerafus  dulcis  Indicus  Florihus  ra^ 

cemofis, 
Afphodelus  Americanus, 
Syringa  Lutea  Americana* 
Bulhus  unifolius, 
Moly  latifolium  Flore  luteo. 
Conyza  Americana  purpurea.  ^ 
Salvia  Cretica  pomifera  Bellonik 
Laufus  Serrata  Odor  a. 
Ornithogalus  fromontorii  Bonce  Spei. 

FritaU 


Tra6t  IL  Coronary  or  Garlaiid-^lants.     p  5 

Fritallaria  crajfa  SoldankaPromontorii  Bq-^ 

nee  Spei, 
^&igi/lum  Solomonis  Indkum. 
TuUpa  Fromontorii  Bonae  SpeL 
Iris  Vvaria, 
Nopolxoch  fedum  elegans  noviZ  Hifpania^. 

More  might  be  added  unto  this  Lift ; 
and  I  have  onely  taken  the  pains  to  give 
you  a  fliort  Specimen  of  thofe  many  more 
which  you  may  find  in  refpeftive  Authours, 
and  which  time  and  future  induftry  may 
make  no  great  ftrangers  in  England,  The 
Inhabitants  of  l^ova  Hifpania,  and  a  great 
part  of  Amerka,  Mahometans,  Indians, 
Chinefes,  are  eminent  promoters  of  thefe 
coronary  and  fpecious  Plants :  and  the  an- 
nual Tribute  of  the  King  of  Bifnaguer  in 
Indiuy  arifing  out  of  Odours  and  Flowers, 
amounts  unto  many  thoufands  of  Crowns. 

Thus,  in  brief,  of  this  matter.  I  am,&'c. 


TRACT. 


{91) 


TRACT    III. 


O  F    T  H  E 

FISHES 

Eaten  by 

OUR  SAVIOUR 

WITH 

HIS    DISCIPLES 

After  His 

Refurredion  from  the  Dead 


Sir, 

I  Have  thought,  a  little,  upon  the  Qjie- 
ftion  propofed  by  you  \y\z.What  kind 
of  Fifhes  thofe  were  of  which  our  Savi- 
our ate  with  his  Difciples  after  his  ^  Refur-  *  s,  Joh.  ai. 
region  f\  and  I  return  you  fuch  an  Anfwer,  9»*^' "'  "^' 

H  ^s. 


pB  OftheFiJheseatenbyChrifirr^iam. 
as,  in  fo  fliort  a  time  for  ftudy,  and  in  the 
midft  of  my  occafions,  occurs  to  me. 

The  Books  of  Scripture  (as  alfo  thofe 
which  are  Apocryphal)  are  often,  filent^ 
or  very  fparing,  m  the  particular  Names 
of  Fi(hes ;  or  in  fefting  them  down  in  fuch- 
manner  as  to  leave  the  kinds  of  them  with- 
out all  ^oubt  and  reafon  for  farther  inqui- 
^  Xf.  FoiF»  when  it  declareth  what  Fillies 
./  w^re  allowed  the  Ifraelites  for  their  Food, 
" .  they  are  onely  fet  down  in  general  which 
have  Finns  and  Scales ;  whereas,  in  the 
account  of  Quadrufeds  and  Birds,  there  is 
particular  mention  madeof  divers  of  them. 
In  the  Book  of  Hohit  that  Fifli  which  he 
took  out  of  the  River  is  onely  named  a 
great  Fifli,  and  fo  there  remains  much  un- 
certainty to  determine  the  Species  thereof 
And  even  the  Fifli  which  fwallowed  Jonah, 
and  is  called  a  great  Fijh,  and  commonly 
thought  to  be  a  great  Whale,  is  not  recei- 
ved without  all  doubt ;  while  fome  lear- 
ned men  conceive  it  to  have  been  none  of 
our  Whales,  but  a  large  kind  of  Lamia. 

And,  in  this  narration  of  S.  John,  the 
Fiflies  are  onely  exprefled  by  their  Bignefs 
and  Number,  not  their  Names,  and  there- 
fo're  it  may  feem  undeterminable  what 
they  were :  notwithftanding,  thefe  Fiflies 
being  taken  in  the  great  Lake  or  Sea  of 
Tiberias y  fomething  may  be  probably  Ha- 
ted 


Tt2i£tlll.  after  hh  RefurreSiion.  ^p 

ted  therein^  For  fiilce  Beffonius,  that  di- 
ligent and  learned  Traveller,  informeth  ^ 
lis,  thattheFiftiesofthisLakewereTrouts, 
Pikes,  Chevins  and  Tenches;  it  may  well 
be  conceived  that  either  all  or  fome  there- 
of are  to  be  underftood  in  this  Scripture. 
And  thefe  kind  of  Fifties  become  large  aiid 
of  great  growth,  anfwerable  unto  the  ex- 
preflion  of  Scripture,  One  hundrei^am  three 
great  Fifhes ;  that  is,  large  in  their  own 
kinds,  and  the  largeft  kinds  in  this  Lake 
and  frelli  Water,  wherein  no  great  varie- 
ty, and  of  the  larger  fort  of  Fifties,  could 
be  expefted.  For  the  River  Jordan,  run- 
ning through  this  Lake,  falls  into  the  Lake 
oUAfphaltus,  and  hath  no  mouth  into  the 
Sea,  which  might  admit  of  great  Fifties  or 
greater  variety  to  come  up  into  it. 

And  out  of  the  mouth  of  fome  of  thefe 
forementioned  Fifties  might  the  Tribute 
money  be  taken,  when  our  Saviour,  at  Ca- 
pernaum,  feated  upon  the  fame  Lake,  faid 
unto  Peter,  Go  thou  td  the  Sea,  and  cafi 
an  Hook,  and  take  up  the  Fijh  thatfirji  co^ 
meth;  and  when  thou  hajl  opened  hzs  mouth 
thou /halt  find  apiece  of  mimey ;  that  take 
and  give  them  for  thee  and  me. 

And  this  makes  void  that  comnion  con- 

tcit  and  tradition  of  tlie  Fifti  called  Faher- 

marinus,  by  fome,  a  Peter  or  Penny  FiJh ; 

which  having  two  remarkable  round  fpots 

H  %  upod 


loo   OftheFiJhes eaten  by  ChriJiTr2i6klll, 

upon  either  fide,  thefe  are  conceived  to  be 
the  marks  of  S.  Peter's  Fingers  or  figna- 
tures  of  the  Money  :  for  though  it  hath 
thefe  marks,  yet  is  there  no  probability 
that  fuch  a  kind  of  Fifti  was  to  be  found 
in  the  Lake  of  TtheriaSy  Gemferah  or  Ga- 
Uleey  which  is  but  fixtcen  miles  long  and 
fij^  broad,  and  hath  no  communication 
with  the  Sea;  for  this  is  a  mere  Fifti  of 
the  Sea  and  fait  Water,  and  (though  we 
meet  with  fome  thereof  on  our  Coafl)  is 
not  to  be  found  in  many  Seas./ 

Thus  having  returned  no  improbable 

Anfwer  unto  your  Queft ion,.  I_fliall  crave 

leave  to  ask  another  of  your  jfelf  concer- 

^DeBeHo    ji^ng  that  Fifti  mention'd  by  "^  /r<7C(?/>iMf, 

m,^i!'      J  which  brought  the  famous  King  TheoJo- 

rkk  to  his  ^rjdf:  his  wOrds  are  to  this  rf- 

fecft :  "  The  manner  of  his  Death  was  this, 

"  iSymmacl^us^ni  his  Son-in-law  ^(?^V/?/(^, 

.  *;  juft  men  and  gr^at  relievf^rs  of  the  poor, 

-  **  Senatours  and  Gonfuls,'  had  many  ene- 

"mies,  by  whofe  falfe  accufations  The^^ 

"  Jorkk  being,  perfwaded  that  they  plot- 

'*  ted  againfl:  him,  put  them  to  death  and 

"  confiicat^d?|heir  Eftates.    Npt  long  after 

''  his  Waiters  fet  before  him  ^Supper;  a 

.,^'  great  Head  of  a;Fifh,which  feemed  to  him 

"  to  be  the  Head  oVSymmachus  lately  mur- 

"  thered ;  and  with  his  Teeth  flicking  out, 

"  and  fierce  glaring  eyes  to  threaten  him : 

"  being 


£( 


Trad: III.  after  his  Rejurre^ion.  loi 

"  being  frighted,  he  grew  <jhiil>  went  to 
Bed,  lamenting  what  he  had  done  to 
Symmachus  and  Boethius ;  and  foon  after 
died.     What  Fi(h  do  you  apprehend  this 

to  have  been  ?    I  would  learn  of  you ; 

give  me  your  thoughts  about  it. 


lam,  &c. 


H  3  TRACT 


(103) 
TRACT    IV. 


A  N 

ANSWER 

To  certain 

QUERIES 

Relating  to 
Fiflies,  Birds,  Infeds. 


I 


Sir, 

Return  the  following  Anfwers  to  your 
Queries  which  were  thefe. 


[i.  What  Fifties  are  meant  by  the 
Names,  Halec  and  Mugtl  > 

X.  What  is  the  Bird  which  you  will 

receive  from  the  Bearer  ?  and  what 

H  4  Birds 


I04  Anfipers  to  Queries  TradllV. 

Birds  are  meant  by  the  Names  Hair 
cyan,  Nyfus,  Ciris,  Nyiiicorax  > 
3.  What  Infeft  is  meant  by  the  word 
Cicada  f\ 

Anfwerto  The  word  Hake  we  are  taught  to  ren-^ 
^^7  '•  der  an  Herring,  which,  being  an  ancient 
word,  is  not  ftriftly  aj^propriablc  unto  a 
Fifli  not  known  or  not  defcribed  by  the 
Ancients;  and  which  the  modern  Natu- 
ralifts  are  fain  to  name  Harengus\  the 
.  word  Halecula  being  applied  unto  fuch 
little  Fifli  out  of  which  they  were  fain  to 
make  Pickle ;  and  Halec  or  Alec,  taken 
for  the  Liquamen  or  Liquor  it  felf,  accor- 
ding to  that  of  the  Poet, 

Ego  fiecem  primus  &  Alec 


Primus  &  inveni  piper  album 

And  was  a  conditure  and  Sawce  much  af- 
fefted  by  Antiquity,  as  was  alfo  Muria 
and  Garum. 

fn  common  conftru<5tions,  Mugil  is  ren- 
dred  a  Mullet,  which,  notwithftanding,  is 
a  different  Fifti  from  the  Mugil  defcribed 
byAuthours;  wherein,  ifwemiftake,  we 
cannot  fo  clofely  apprehend  the  expreffion 
oi  Juvenal, 

l—Quof 


TradtlV.  about  Fifhes^  &c.  105 

— Quofdam  ventres  &  Mugtl'is  tntrat. 

And  mifconcelve  the  Fifli,  whereby  For- 
nicatours  were  fo  opprobrioufly  and  irk- 
fomely  punifhed;  for  the  Mu^tl  being 
fomewhat  rough  and  hard  skinned,  did 
more  exafperate  the  gutts  of  fuch  of?en-  • 
ders :  whereas  the  Mullet  was  a  fmooth 
Fifh,  and  of  too  high  efteem  to  be  imploy- 
ed  in  fuch  offices. 

I  cannot  but  wonder  that  this  Bird  you  A4wm% 
fent  ihould  be  a  ftranger  unto  you,  and  ^^^-^  *• 
untothofe  who  had  a  iight  thereof:  for, 
though  it  be  not  feen  every  day,  yet  we 
often  meet  with  it  in  this  Country.  It  is 
an  elegant  Bird,  which  he  that  once  be- 
holdeth  can  hardly  miftake  any  other  for 
it.  From  the  |)roper  Note  it  is  called  an 
Hoopehird  with  us ;  in  Greek  Epops,  in 
Latin  Vpupa.  We  are  little  obliged  unto 
our  School  inftruftion,  wherein  we  are 
taught  to  rende/  Vpupa  a  Lapwing,  which 
Bird  our  natural  Writers  name  Vannellus ; 
for  thereby  we  miftake  this  remarkable 
Bird,  and  apprehend  not  rightly  what  is 
delivered  of  it. 

We  apprehend  not  the  Hieroglyphical 
confiderations  which  the  old  itgyptians 
piade  of  this  obfervable  Bird ;  who  confi- 

dering 


io6  Anfwers  to  Queries  TradllV. 

dering  therein  the  orckr  and  variety  of 
Colours,  the  twenty  fix  or  twenty  eight 
Feathers  in  its  Creft,  his  latitancy,  and 
mewing  this  handfome  outfide  in  the 
Winter ;  they  made  it  an  Emblem  of  the 
varieties  of  the  World ,  the  fucceffion  of 
Times  and  Seafons,  and  fignal  mutati- 
♦  ons  in  them.  And  therefore  Orus ,  the 
Hieroglyphick  of  the  World,  had  the 
Head  of  an  Hoopebird  upon  the  top  of  his 
Staff 

Hereby  we  may  alfo  miflake  the  Du- 
chiphathy  or  Bird  forbidden  for  Food  in  Le- 
Lcvitai.ip.  vitkus ;  and,  not  knowing  the  Bird,  may 
the  lefs  apprehend  fome  reafons  of  that 
prohibition ;  that  is,  the  magical  virtues 
afcribed  unto  it  by  the^Egyptians,  and  the 
fuperftitious  apprehenfions  which  that 
Nation  held  of  it,  whilft  they  precifely 
numbred  the  Feathers  and  Colours  there- 
of, while  they  placed  it  on  the  Heads  of 
their  Gods,  and  near  their  Mercurial  Crof- 
fes,  and  fo  highly  magnified  this  Bird  in 
their  facred  Symbols. 

Again,  not  knowing  or  mifl:aking  this 
Bird,  we  may  mifapprehend,  or  not  clofe- 
ly  apprehend ,  that  handfome  expreffion 
of  Ovid,  when  Tereus  was  turned  into  an 
Vp^p^f  or  Hoopebird. 

Vetti' 


Trad  IV.    about  Fifhes,  &CC.  107 

f^rtitur  in  volucrem  cui  funt  pro  vertice 

C  rift  a, 
frotinm  immodicum  furgit  pro  cujpide  ro-^ 

ftrum 
teamen  Epops  volucri,  fades  armata  Dide* 

tur. 

For,  in  this  military  fhape,  he  is  aptly 
phancied  even  ftill  revengefully  to  purfue 
his  hated  Wife  Trogne :  in  the  propriety 
of  his  Note  crying  out,  Tou^  pou^  uhi,  uli, 
pr  Where  are  you  ? 

Nor  are  we  fingly  deceived  in  the  no- 
minal tranflation  of  this  Bird :  in  many 
other  Animals  we  commit  the  like  miftake. 
So  Gracculus  is  rendred  a  Jay,  which  Bird 
uotwithftanding  muft  b^  of  a  dark  colour 
according  to  that  of  Martial, 

Sed  quandam  volo  notice  nigriqrevjfi 
Formi<;a,  picey  Gracculo,  cicada. 

*  Halcyon  is  rendred  a  King-fifher^  a^^SeeVui^. 
Bird  commonly  known  among  us,  andf^of*^* 
ty  Zoographers  and  Naturals  the  fame  is  * 
named  Ifpida,  a  well  coloured  Bird  fre- 
quenting Streams  and  Rivers,  building  in 
holes  of  Pits,  like  fome  Martins,  about  the 
end  of  the  Spring ;  in  whofe  Nefts  we 
have  found  little  elfe  than  innumerable 
finall  Fifti  Bones,  and  white  round  Eggs  of 

a  fmooth 


o8  Anfifers  to  Queries  Tradl  IV. 

a  fmooth  and  polifhed  furface,  whereas  the 
true  Alcyan  is  a  Sea  Bird,  makes  an  hand- 
fome  Neft  floating  upon  the  Water,  and 
breedeth  in  the  Winter. 

That  Nyfus  fliould  be  rendred  either  an 
Hahhy  or  a  Sparrow  Hawk,  in  the  Fable 
of  Nyfus  and  Scylla  in  Ovid,  becaufe  we 
are  much  to  feek  in  the  dillinftion  of 
Hawks  according  to  their  old  denomina- 
tions, we  Ihall  hot  much  contend,  and 
may  allow  a  favourable  latitude  therein : 
but  that  the  Ciris  or  Bird  into  which  Scyl- 
la  was  turned  Ihould  be  tranflated  a  Lark, 
it  can  hardly  be  made  out  agreeable  unto 
the  defcription  of  Firgil  in  his  Poem  of 
'  that  name, 

Inde  alias  volucres  mimique  infelta  ruhenti 
Crura — 

But  feems  more  agreeable  unto  fome  kind 
of  Hamantopus  or  Redlhank ;  and  fo  the 
Nyfus  to  have  been  fome  kind  of  Hawk, 
which  delighteth  about  the  Sea  and  Ma- 
rifties,  where  fuch  prey  moft  aboundeth, 
which  fort  of  Hawk  while  Staliger  deter- 
mineth  to  be  a  Merlin,  the  French  Tranf- 
latour  warily  expoundeth  it  to  be  fome 
kind  of  Hawk. 

Nyiticorax  we  may  leave  unto  the  com- 
mon and  verbal  tranilation  of  a  Night  Ra^ 

ven. 


Tra6t  IV.  about  Fifbes,  &c.  i  o^ 

^en,  but  we  know  no  proper  kind  of  Ra- 
ven unto  which  to  confine  the  fame,  and 
therefore  fome  take  the  Hberty  to  afcribe  it 
unto  fome  fort  of  Owls,  and  others  unto 
the  Bittern ;  whic^h  Bird  in  its  common 
Note,  which  he  ufeth  out  of  the  time  of 
coupling  and  upon  the  Wing,  fo  well  re- 
fembleth  the  croaking;  of  a  Raven  that  I 
have  been  deceived  by  it. 

While  CkaJa  is  rendred  a  Grajhopper,  Anfmr  to 
we  commonly  think  that  which  is  fo  cal-^*'^'^  ^' 
led  among  us   to  be  the  true  Cicada; 
wherein,  as  we  have  elfewhere  ^  declared,*  v^k-  ^rr. 
there  is  a  great  miftake :  for  we  have  not  ^*  ^'  ^*  ^' 
the  CkaJa'm  England,  and  indeed  no  pro- 
per word  for  that  Anknal,   which  the 
French  nameth  Cigale,    That  which  we 
commonly  call  a  Graihopper,  and  the 
French  Saulterelle  being  one  kind  of  Lo- 
cuft,  fo  rendred  in  the  Plague  of  ^gypt, 
and,  in  old-  Saxon  named  Gerflhop, 

I  have  been  the  lefs  accurate  in  thefe 
Anfwers,  becaufe  the  CJueries  are  not  of 
diificult  Refolution,  or  of  great  moment : 
however,  I  would  not  wholly  negleft 
them  or  your  fatisfaftion,  as  being,  Sir, 

Tours  y&ic, 

TRACT 


1 


(hi) 
TRACT    Y. 


OF 

HAW  K  S 

AND 

FALCONRY, 

Ancient  and  Modern. 


Sir, 

IN  vain  you  expeft  much  informati- 
on, gk  Re  Accipttrariay  of  Falconry, 
Hawks  or  Hawking,  from  very  anci- 
ent Greek  or  Latin  Authours ;  that  Art 
being  either  unknown  or  fo  little  advan- 
ced among  them,  that  it  feems  to  have 
proceeded  no  higher  than  the  daring  of 
Birds :  which  makes  fo  little  thereof  to  be 
found  in  Anftotle,  who  onely  mentions 

fome 


112        Of  Hawks  and  Falconry^  TradtV. 

fome  rude  praftice  thereof  in  Thracta ;  as 
alfo  in  /^liafty  who  fpeaks  fomething  of 
Hawks  and  Crows  among  the  Indians ; 
little  or  nothing  of  true  Falconry  being 
mention'd  before  Julius  Firmicus,  in  the 
days  of  Conjiantius,  Son  to  Conftantine  the. 
Great. 

Yet  if  you  confult  the  accounts  of  la- 
ter Antiquity  left  by  Demetrius  the  Greek, 
by  Symmachus  and  Theodojius,  and  by  Al- 
herttds  Magnus,  about  five  hundred  years 
ago,  you,  w^ho  have  been  fo  long  acquain- 
ted with  this  noble  Recreation,  may  bet- 
ter compare  the  ancient  and  modern  prac- 
tice, and  rightly  obferve  how  many  thingsi 
in  that  Art  are  added,  varied,  difufed  or 
retained  in  the  pradice  of  thefe  days. 

In  the  Diet  of  Hawks,  they  allowed  of 
divers  Meats  which  we  lliould  hardly 
commend.  For  befide  the  Flefli  of  Beef, 
they  admitted  of  Goat,  Hog,  Deer,  Wheipj 
and  Bear.  And  how  you  will  approve  the 
quantity  and  meafure  thereof,  I  make  fome 
doubt ;  while  by  weight  they  allowed  half 
a  pound  of  Beef,  feven  ounces  of  Swines 
Flelh,  five  of  Hare,  eight  ounces  of  Whelp, 
as  much  of  Deer,  and  ten  ounces  of  He- 
Goats  Flelh. 

In  the  time  of  Demetrius  they  were  not] 
without  the  praftice  of  Phlebotomy  oe 
Bieeding,which  they  ufed  in  the  Thigh  arid 

Poun- 


TracStV*  Ancient  and  Modern.  113 

Pounces ;  they  plucked  away  the  Feathers 
on  the  Thigh,  and  rubbed  the  part,  but 
if  the  Vein  appeared  not  in  that  part,  they 
opened  the  Vein  of  the  fore  Talon. 

In  the  days  oiAlhertuSy  they  made  ufe 
of  Cauteries  in  divers  places :  to  advantage 
their  fight  they  feared  them  under  the  in- 
ward angle  of„  the  eye  ;  above  the  eye  in 
diftillations  and  difeafes  of  the  Head ;  in 
upward  pains  they  feared  above  the  Joint 
of  the  Wing,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the 
Foot,  againft  the  Gout ;  and  the  chief 
time  for  thefe  cauteries  they  made  to  be 
the  month  o{  March. 

In  great  <:oldnefs  of  Hawks  they  made 
ufe  of  Fomentations,  fome  of  the  fteam  or 
vapour  of  artificial  and  natural  Baths,  fome 
wrapt  them  up  in  hot  Blankets,  giving 
them  Nettle  Seeds  and  Butter. 

No  Clyfters  are  mention  d,  nor  can  they 
be  fo  profitably  ufed  ,•  but  they  made  ufe 
of  many  purging.  Medicines.  They  pur- 
ged with  Aloe,  which,  unto  larger  Hawks, 
they  gave  in  the  bignefs  of  a  Greek  Bean; 
unto  lefs,  in  the  quantity  of  a  C/r^r,  which 
notwithftanding  I  fliould  rather  give  wa- 
flied,  and  with  a  few  drops  of  Oil  of  Al- 
monds :  for  the  Guts  of  flying  Fowls  ar6 
tender  and  eafily  fcratched  by  it ;  and  up- 
on the  ufe  of  Aloe  both  in  Hawks  and  Cor- 
morants I  have  fometimes  obferved  bloody 
excretions.  I  In 


114        Of  Harpks  and  Falconry,  TradV. 

In  phlegmatick  caufes  they  feldom  Qr 
mitted  Stavefaker,  but  they  purged  fome- 
times  with  a  Moufe,  and  the  Food  of  boi- 
led Chickens,  fometimes  with  good  Oil 
and  Honey. 

They  ufed  alfo  the  Ink  of  Cuttle  Fillies, 
with  Smallage,  Betony,  Wine  and  Honey. 
They  made  ufe  of  ftronger  Medicines  than 
prefent  pradrice  doth  allow.  For  they 
were  not  afraid  to  give  Coccus  Baphkus  ; 
^  beating  up  eleven  of  its  Grains  unto  a 
Lentor,  which  they  made  up  into  five 
Pills  wrapt  up  with  Honey  and  Pepper ; 
and,  in  fome  of  their  old  Medicines,  we 
meet  with  Scammony  and  Euphorhium. 
Whether,  in  the  tender  Bowels  of  Birds, 
infufions  of  Rhubarb,  Agaric  and  Mecho- 
achan  be  not  of  fafer  ufe,  as  to  take  6f  A- 
gary  two  Drachms,  of  Cinnamon  half  a 
Drachm,  of  Liquorifli  a  Scruple,  and,  in- 
fufing  them  in  Wine,  to  exprefs  a  part  in- 
to the  mouth  of  the  Hawk,  may  be  confi-i 
dered  by  prefent  praftice. 

Few  Mineral  Medicines  were  of  inward 
ufe  among  them  :  yet  fometimes  we  ob- 
ferve  they  gave  filings  of  Iron  in  the  ftrait- 
mX.^  of  the  Cheft,  as  alfo  Lime  in  fome  ofi 
their  pedoral  Medicines. 

But  they  commended  Unguents  ol 
Quick-filver  againft  the  Scab :  and  I  have; 
fafely  given  fix  or  eight  Grains  of /Hferc«- 

riui 


TradtV.  Ancient  and  Modem.  115 

rius  Dulcis  unto  Keftrils  and  Owk,  as  alfo 
crude  and  current  Quick-filver,  giving 
the  next  day  fmall  Pellets  of  Silver  or 
Lead  till  they  came  away  uncoloured: 
and  this,  if  any,  may  probably  deftroy 
that  obftinate  Difeafe  of  the  Filander  or 
Back-worm. 

A  peculiar  remedy  they  had  againft  the 
Confumption  of  Hawks.  For,  filling  a 
Chicken  with  Vinegar,  they  clofed  up  the 
Bill,  and  hanging  it  up  untill  the  Flefti 
grew  tender,  they  fed  the  Hawk  there- 
with :  and  to  reftore  and  well  Flefh  them, 
they  commonly  gave  them  Hogs  Flefli, 
with  Oil,  Butter  and  Honey  ;  and  a  de- 
codion  of  Cumfory  to  bouze. 

They  difallowed  of  fait  Meats  and  Fat ; 
but  highly  efteemed  of  Mice  in  moft  in- 
difpofitions ;  and  in  the  falling  Sicknefs 
had  great  efteem  of  boiled  Batts  :  and  in 
many  Difeafes,  of  the  Flelh  of  Owls  which 
feed  upon  thofe  Animals.  In  Epilepfies 
they  alfo  gave  the  Brain  of  a  Kid  drawn 
thorough  a  gold  Ring ;  and,  in  Convulfi- 
ons,  made  ufe  of  a  mixture  of  Musk  and 
Stercus  humanum  aridum. 

For  the  better  prefervation  of  their 
Health  they  ftrowed  Mint  and  Sage  a- 
bout  them;  and  for  the  fpeedier  mew<» 
ing  of  their  Feathers,  they  gave  them  the 
Slough  of  a  Snake,  or  a  Tortoife  out  of 

I  X  the 


ii6       Of  Hawks  and  Falconry,  Trad:  V. 

the  Shell,  or  a  green  Lizard  cut  in  pieces. 

If  a  Hawk  were  unquiet,  they  hooded 
him,  and  placed  him  m  a  Smith's  Shop 
for  lome  time,  where,  accuflomed  tothe 
continual  noife  of  hammering,  he  became 
more  gentle  and  tradable. 

They  ufed  few  terms  of  Art,  plainly 
and  intelligibly  exprelTing  the  Parts  affec- 
ted, their  Dileafes  and  Remedies.  This 
heap  of  artificial  terms  firft  entring  with 
the Frencli  Arcifts :  who  feem  to  have  been 
the  firft  and  noblefl:  Falconers  in  the  We- 
liern  part  of  Europe;  although,  in  their 
Language,  they  have  no  word  which  in 
general  expreileth  an  Hawk. 

They  carried  their  Hawks  in  the  left 
hand,  and  let  them  flie  from  the  right. 
Tl;ey  nfed  a  Bell,  and  took  great  care  that 
their  Jefles  ihould  not  be  red,  left  Eagles 
ihduld  flie  at  them.  Though  they  ufed 
Hoods,  w^e  have  no  clear  defcription  of 
them,  and  httle  account  of  their  Lures. 

Tine  ancient  Writers  left  no  account  of; 
the  fwiftnefs  of  Hawks  or  meafure  of  their 
-eiuKu  flight:  but  ^  Hereshachius  delivers  that 
William  Duke  of  Cleve  had  an  Hawk 
which,  in  one  day,  made  a  flight  out  of 
IVeftphalia  into  Trufta.  And,  upon  good 
account,  an  Hawk  in  this  Country  oi Nor- 
folk, made  a  flight  at  a  Woodcock  near 
thirty  miles  in  one  hour.  How  far  thej 
'    ,  Hawksj 


Tradl  V.  Ancient  and  Modern.  H  7 

^  Hawks,  Merlins  and  wild  Fowl  which 
come  unto  us  with  a  North-well:  wind  in 
the  Autumn,  flie  in  a  day,  there  is  no 
clear  account ;  but  coming  over  Sea  their 
flight  hath  been  long,  or  very  fpeedy. 
For  I  have  known  them  to  light  fo  weary 
on  the  coafl:,  that  many  have  been  taken 
with  Dogs,  and  fome  knocked  down  with 
Staves  and  Stones. 

Their  Perches  feem  not  fo  large  as  ours; 
for  they  made  them  of  fuch  a  bignefs  that 
their  Talons  might  almoft  meet :  and  they 
chofe  to  make  them  of  Sallow,  Poplar  or 
Lime  Tree. 

They  ufed  great  clamours  and  hollow^- 
ing  in  their  flight,  which  they  made  by 
thefe  words,  ou  loi,  la,  la,  la  ;  and  to  raife 
the  Fowls,  made  ufe  of  the  found  of  a 
Cymbal. 

Their  recreation  feemed  more  fober 
and  folemn  than  ours  at  prefent,  fo  im- 
properly attended  with  Oaths  and  Impre- 
cations. For  they  called  on  God  at  their 
fetting  out,  according  to  the  account  of 
Demetrius,  -zlv  &clv  imJc^Aiaitvlig,  in  the 

firfl  place  calling  upon  God. 

The  learned  Rigaltius  thinketh,  that  if 
the  Romans  had  wxU  known  this  airy 
Chafe,  they  would  have  left  or  lefs  regar- 
ded their  Circenfial  Recreations.  The 
Greeks  underftood   Hunting  early,  but 

I  3  '      litr!c 


1 1 8  Of  Hawks  and  Falconry,  Tra6l  V. 
little  or  nothing  of  our  Falconry.  \{A- 
lexander  had  known  it,  we  might  have 
found  fomething  of  it  and  more  of  Hawks 
in  Arijhtle;  who  was  fo  unacquainted 
with  that  way,  that  he  thought  that 
Hawks  would  not  feed  upon  the  Heart 
of  Birds.  Tiiough  he  iiath  mention'd  di^ 
vers  Hawks,  yet  Julius  Scaliger,  an  ex- 
pert Falconer,  defpaired  to  reconcile  them 
unto  ours.  And  'tis  well  if,  among  them, 
you  can  clearly  make  out  a  Lanner,  a 
Sparrow  Hawk  and  a  Keftril,  but  mull: 
not  hope  to  find  your  Gier  Falcon  there, 
which  is  the  noble  Hawk;  and  I  wifli 
you  one  no  worfe  than  that  of  Hettrj 
King  of  Navarre ;  which,  Scaliger  faith, 
lie  faw  ftrike  down  a  Buzzard,  two  wild 
Geefe,  diver?  Kites,  a  Crane  and  a  Swan. 
Nor  muft  you  expe(3:  from  high  Anti* 
quity  the  di{tind:ions  of  Eyefs  and  Raf 
mage  Hawks,  of  Sores  and  Entermewers, 
of  Hawks  of  the  Lure  and  the  Fift ;  nor 
that  material  diftinftion  into  fhort  and 
long  winged  H&wks ;  from  whence  arife 
fuch  differences  in  their  taking  down  of 
Stones;  in  their  flight,  their  flriking  down 
or  feizing  of  their  Prey,  in  the  ftrength  of 
their  TaJons,  either  in  the  Heel  and  fore- 
Talon,  or  the  middle  and  the  Heel :  nor 
yet  what  Eggs  produce  the  different 
Hawks,  or  when  they  lay  three  Eggs, 


Tradl  V.  Ancient  and  Modem.'  Up 

that  the  firft  produceth  a  Female  and  large 
Hawk,  the  fecond  of  a  midler  fort,  and  the 
third  a  fmaller  Bird  Tercellene  or  Taflel 
of  the  Mafle  Sex;  which  Hawks  being 
onely  obferved  abroad  by  the  Ancients, 
were  looked  upon  as  Hawks  of  different 
kinds  and  not  of  the  fame  Eyrie  or  Neft. 
As  for  wh^itAriftotle  affirmeth  that  Hawks 
and  Birds  of  prey  drink  not;  although 
you  know  that  it  will  not  ftridly  hold, 
yet  I  kept  an  Eagle  two  years,  which  fed 
upon  Kats,  Kittlmgs,  Whelps  and  Ratts, 
without  one  drop  of  Water. 

If  any  thing  may  add  unto  your  know- 
ledge in  this  noble  Art,  you  muft  pick 
it  out  of  later  Writers  than  thofe  you  en- 
quire of  You  may  perufe  the  two  Books 
of  Falconry  writ  by  that  renowned  Empe- 
rour Frederick  the  Second;  as  alfo  the 
Works  of  the  noble  Duke  Belifarius,  of 
Tardiffe,  Francherias,  of  Francifco  Sforzi- 
no  of  Vkenfa ;  and  may  not  a  little  in- 
form or  recreate  your  felf  with  that  ele- 
gant Poem  of  ■*'  Thuanus.  I  leave  you  to  ^  T>e  Re  Ac* 
divert  your  felf  by  the  perufal  of  it,  ha- ^^^'i''o  "f ' 
vmg,  at  prefent,  no  more  to  lay  but  that 
I  am,  (^c. 


I  4  TRACT 


(I2l) 

TRACT   VI. 


O  F 


Cymbals^  &c. 


Sir, 

WITH  what  difficulty,  if  not  pofli- 
bility,  you  may  expedt  fatisfac- 
tion  concerning  the  Mufick,  or  Mufical 
Inftruments  of  the  Hebrews,  you  wiJl  ea- 
fily  difcover  if  you  confult  the  attempts 
of  learned  men  upon  that  Subjeft :  but  for 
Cymbals,  of  whofe  Figure  you  enquire, 
you  may  find  fome  defcribed  in  Bayfius, 
in  the  Comment  of  Rhodius  upon  Scrilo- 
nius  Largus,  and  others. 

As  for  Kujul^olXov  dXctXa^ov  mentioned 
by  S.  ^  Paul,  and  rendred  a  Tinckling  Cym-  *  i  cor.ij.i. 
hal,  whether  the  tranflation  be  not  too 
foft  and  diminutive  fome  queftion  may  be 

made: 


122  Of  Cymbals^  &c.     Trad:  VI. 

made:  for  the  word  aAaAa^oi/  implieth 
no  fmall  found,  but  a  ftrained  and  lofty 
vociferation,  or  fome  kind  of  hollowing 
found,  according  to  the  Expofition  oi  He- 
Jychius,  " KXclXcl^cl%  G^L/xj^ottTg  ^v  <poepm 
A  word  drawn  trom  the  lufty  fhout  of 
Souldiers,  crying 'AAaAa  at  the  firft  charge 
upon  their  Enemies,  according  to  the  cu- 
ftom  of  Eaftern  Nations,  and  ufed  by  Tro- 
jans in  Homer  ;  and  is  aJfo  the  Note  of  the 
Chorus  in  Arijlophanes  'A\ol\x}  !h  Tmioiv. 
In  other  parts  of  Scripture  we  reade  of 
loud  and  high  founding  Cymbals  ;  and  in 
Clemens  Alexandrtnus  that  the  Arabians 
made  ufe  of  Cymbals  in  their  Wars  inftead 
of  other  military  Mufick ;  and  Polya^nus 
in  his  Stratagemes  affirmeth  that  Bacchtu 
gave  the  fignal  of  Battel  unto  his  nume- 
rous Army  not  with  Trumpets  but  with 
Tympans  and  Cymbals. 

And  now  -I  take  the  opportunity  to 
thank  you  for  the  new  Book  fent  me  con- 
taining the  Anthems  fung  in  our  Cathe- 
dral and  Collegiate  Churches :  'tis  probable 
there  will  be  additions,  the  Mafters  of 
Mufick  being  now  aftive  in  that  affair. 
Befide  my  naked  thanks  I  have  yet  no? 
thing  to  return  you  but  this  enclofed, 
which  may  be  fomewhat  rare  unto 
you,  and  that  is  a  Turkifli  Hymn  tranf- 
lated  into  French  out   of  the  Turkifli 

Metre, 


Tra6t  VI.     OfCyvihah,  6cc.  i  a  3 

Metre,  which  I  thus  render  unto  you. 

O  what  praife  doth  he  Jeferve,  and  how 
great  is  that  Lord,  all  whofe  Slaves  are  as 
Jo  many  Kings  / 

Whofoever  fhall  rub  his  Eyes  with  the 
dufl  of  his  Feet,  jhall  hehold  fuch  admirable 
things  that  he  jhaU  fall  into  anecftajie. 

He  that  fhall  drink  one  drop  of  his  Beve- 
rage, fhall  have  his  Bofome  like  the  Ocean 
filled  with  Gems  and  pretious  Liquours, 

Let  not  loofe  the  Reins  unto  thy  Pafjlons 
in  this  world :  he  that  reprejfeth  them  fhaff 
become  a  true  Solomon  in  the  Faith. 

Amufe  not  thy  felf  to  adore  Riches,  nor 
to  build  great  Houfes  and  Palaces, 

The  end  of  what  thou  fhalt  build  is  but 
mine. 

Tamper  not  thy  Body  with  delicacies  and 
dainties ;  it  may  come  to  pafs  one  day  that 
this  Body  may  be  in  HeU. 

Imagine  not  that  he  who  findeth  Riches 
findeth  Happinefs ;  he  that  findeth  Happi- 
nefs  is  he  that  findeth  God. 

All 


124  Of  Cymbals^  &c.     Trad  VI. 

All  who  profirating  themfelves  in  humi- 
*  vdc  the    lity  jhall  this  day  believe  in  '^  Vele,  if  they 
theCowJent.  ^^^^  ^^^^  7^^^  ^^  Rich,  and  if  Rich  fhall 
become  Kings* 

After  the  Sermon  ended  which  was 
made  upon  a  Verfe  in  the  Alcoran  con- 
taining much  Morality,  the  Deruices  in 
,  a  Gallery  apart  fung  this  Hymn,  accom- 
panied with  Inftrumental  Mufick,  which. 
fo  affedred  the  Ears  of  Monfieur  du  Loyr, 
that  he  would  not  omit  to  fet  it  down, 
together  with  the  Mufical  Notes,  to  be 
found  in  his  firft  Letter  unto  Monfieur 
Bouliau,  VrioT  oi  Magny. 

Excufe  my  brevity :  I  can  fay  but  little 
where  I  underftand  but  little. 

/  am,  &c. 


TRACT. 


TRACT    VIL 


O  F 

R  O  P  A  L  I  C 

O  R 

Gradual  Verfes^  &"€. 

Mens  mea  fuhlimes  rationes  pr^meditatur. 


Sir, 

T  Hough  I  may  juftly  allow  a  good 
intention  in  this  Poem  prefented 
unto  you,  yet  I  muft  needs  con- 
fefs,  I  have  no  afieftion  for  it ;  as  being 
utterly  averfe  from  all  afleftation  in  Poe- 
try, which  either  reftrains  the  phancy,  or 
fetters  the  invention  to  any  ftrid  difpo- 
fur€  of  words.  A  Poem  of  this  nature  is 
to  be  found  in  Aufomus  beginning  thus, 

Sf€S 


126  Of  Gradual  Verfes.  TradlVIL 

Spes  Deus  aternce  flatioms  conciliator. 

Thefe  are  Verfes  Ropalici  or  Clavales^ 
arifing  gradually  like  the  Knots  in  a  'Po- 
TriM  or  Clubb ;  named  alfo  Fiftulares  by 

^  El.  vinet,  Prifcianus,  as  Elias  ^  Vinetus  hath  noted. 

in  Aufon.  ^j^^y  confift  properly  of  five  words,  each 
,  thereof  encreafing  by  one  fyllable.  They 
admit  not  of  a  Spondee  in  the  fifth  place, 
nor  can  a  Golden  or  Silver  Verfe  be  made 
this  way.  They  run  fmoothly  both  in 
Latin  and  Greek,  and  fome  are  fcattering- 
ly  to  be  found  in  Homer ;  as, 

Lihere  die  am  fed  in  aurem,  ego  verfihus 
hujufmodi  Ropalicis,  longo  fyrmate  protrac- 
tis,  Ceraunium  affigo. 

He  that  affedrethfuch  reftrained  Poetry, 
may  perufe  the  Long  Poem  of  Hughaldus 
the  Monk,  wherein  every  word  beginneth 
with  a  C  penned  in  the  praife  oiCalvities 
or  Baldnefs,  to  the  honour  of  Carolus  Cal- 
vus  King  of  France, 

Carmina  clarifcna  cahis  cantate  Caw^na. 

Tlic 


,  Trad  VIL  Of  Gradual  Verfes.  127 

'  The  reft  may  be  feen  at  large  in  the  ad- 
*verfariaoi  Barthius :  or  if  hedelighteth  in 
odd  contrived  phancies  may  he  pleafe  him- 
felf  with  Antijirophes,  Comterpetories,  Re*  ' 
trograJes,  ReluJJes,  LeonineYtxi^s^^c,  to 
be  ibiind  in  Sieur  des  Accords.  But  thefe 
and  tiie  like  are  to  be  look'd  upon,  not 
purfued,  odd  works  might  be  made  by 
lucli  ways;  and  for  your  recreation  I  pro- 
pofe  thefe  few  lines  unto  you, 

Arcu  paratur  quod  arcuifuffictt, 

Mifellorum  clamorihus  accurrere  non  tarn 
humanum  quam  fulphnremn  efl, 

Afino  teratur  qu<:eAfino  teritur. 

Ne  AfplooAelos  comedos,  phvemces  wanduca. 

Cislum  a  liquid  potefi,  fed  qu(e  mirapraflat 
Tapilio  eft. 

Not  to  put  you  unto  endkfs  amufe- 
ment,  the  Key  hereof  is  the  homonomy 
of  the  Greek  made  ufe  of  in  the  Latin 
words,  which  rendreth  all  plain.  More 
(enigmatical  and  dark  expreflions  might 
be  made  if  any  one  would  fpeak  or  com- 
pofethem  out  of  the  numerical  Charafters  ^  ^^^  ^^ 
or  charafteriftical  Numbers  fet  down  by  ?«t\  lib.  i. 
*  Rohertus  de  FluHihus,  As 


taS  Of  Gradual  Verfes.  TradVII. 

As  for  your  queftion  concerning  the 
contrary  expreffions  of  the  Italian  and 
Spaniards  in  their  common  affirmative 
anfwers,  the  Spaniard  anfwering  cy  Sennor, 
the  Italian  Signior  cy,  you  mud  be  content 
with  this  Diltich, 

Why  faith  the  Italian  Signior  cy,  the  Spa- 
niard cy  Sennor  ? 

Secaufe  the  one  puts  that  hehind^  the  other 
puts  before. 

And  becaufe  you  are  fo  happy  in  fome 
Trartflations,  I  pray  return  me  thefe  two 
Verfes  in  Englilh, 

Occidit  heu  tandem  multos  qu^  occidtt 
amanteSy 
Et  cinis  eft  hodie  quae  fuit  ignis  heri. 

My  occafions  make  me  to  takeoff  my 
Pen.     Iam,®c. 


TRACT 


TRACT    VIIL 


OF. 

LANGUAGEa 

And  particularly  of  the 

SAXON  TONGUE. 


Sir, 

TH  E  laft  Difcourfe  we  had  of  the 
Saxon  Tongue  recalled  to  my 
mind  fome  forgotten  confiderati- 
ons.  Though  the  Earth  were  widely  peo- 
pled before  the  Flood,  (as  many  learned 
men  conceive)  yet  whether  after  a  large 
difperfion,  and  the  fpace  of  fixteen  hun- 
dred years,  men  maintained  fo  uniform  a 
Language  in  all  parts,  as  to  be  ftridly  of 
one  Tongue,  and  readily  to  underftand 
each  other,  may  very  well  be  doubted. 

K  For 


130  Of  Languages^  &CC.  Trad  VIII. 

For  though  the  World  preferved  in  the 
Family  ot  Noah  before  the  confufion.  of 
Tongues  might  be  faid  to  be  of  one  Lip, 
yet  even  permitted  to  themfelves  their  hu-^ 
mours,  inventions,  neceffities,  and  new  ob- 
je£ls,  without  the  miracle  of  Confufion  at 
firft,  in  fo  long  a'traft  of  time,  there  had 
probably  been  a  Babel.     For  whether  A^ 
merica  were  firft  peopled  by  one  or  feve- 
ral  Nations,  yet  cannot  that  number  of 
different  planting  Nations,  anfwer  the  mul- 
tiplicity of  their  prefent  different  Langua- 
ges, of  no  affinity  unto  each  other ;  and 
even  in  their  Northern  Nations  and  in- 
cdmmunicating  Angles,  their  Languages 
are  widely  differing.    A  native  Interpre- 
ter brought  from  Califormta  proved  of 
no  ufe  unto  the  Spaniards  upon  the  neigh- 
bour Shore.     From  ChiapUy  to  Guatemala, 
S.  Salvador,  Honduras,  there  are  at  leaft 
eighteen  feveral  Languages ;  and  fo  nume- 
rous are  they  both  in  the  Peruvian  and 
Mexican  Regions,  that  the  great  Princes 
are  fain  to- have  one  common  Language, 
which  befides  their  vernaculous  and  Mo- 
ther Tongues,  may  ferve  for  commerce 
between  them. 

And  fmce  the  confufion  of  Tongues  at 
firft  fell  onely  ujx>n  thofe  which  were  pre- 
fent in  Sinaar  at  the  work  of  Bahel,  whe» 
tber  the  primitive  Language  from  Noah 

were 


Trad  VIII.  Of  Languages,  6cc.  131 

were  onely  preferved  in  the  Family  offfe- 
her,  and  not  alfo  in  divers  others,  which 
might  be  abfent  at  the  fame,  whether  all 
came  away  and  many  might  not  be  left 
behind  in  their  firll  Plantations  about  the 
foot  of  the  Hills,  whereabout  the  Ark  re- 
fted  and  Noah  became  an  Husbandman,  is 
not  abfurdly  doubted. 

For  fo  the  primitive  Tongue  might  in 
time  branch  out  into  feveral  parts  of  ^«- 
repe  and  Afia,  and  thereby  the  firft  or  He- 
\,  brew  Tongue  which  fcems  to  be  ingredi- 
ent into  fo  many  Languages,  might  have 
larger  originals  and  grounds  of  its  com- 
munication and  traduction  than  from  the 
Family  of  Abraham,  the  Country  of  Ca- 
naan  and  words  contained  in  the  Bible 
which  come  (liort  of  the  full  of  that  Lan- 
guage. And  this  would  become  more 
probable  from  the  Septuagint  or  Greek 
Chronology  ftrenuoufly  averted  by  Fof- 
fius ;  for  making  five  hundred  years  be- 
tween the  Deluge  and  the  days  of  Peleg, 
there  arifeth  a  large  latitude  of  multiplica- 
tion and  difperfion  of  People  into  feveral 
parts,  before  the  defcent  of  that  Body 
which  followed  Nimrod  unto  Stnaar  from 
ItheEaft. 

-    They  who  derive  the  bulk  of  European 

Tongues  from  the  Scythian  and  the  Greek, 

though  they  may  fpeak  probably  in  many 

K  X  points. 


132  Of  Languages^  &c.  Trad  VIII. 

points,  yet  muft  needs  allow  vaft  difle- 
rence  or  corruptions  from  fo  few  origi- 
nals, which  however  might  be  tolerably 
made  out  in  the  old  Saxon,  yet  hath  time 
much  confounded  the  clearer  derivations. 
And  as  the  knowledge  thereof  now  (lands 
in  reference  unto  our  felves,  I  find  many 
words  totally  loft,  divers  of  harfli  found 
difufed  or  refined  in  the  pronunciation, 
and  many  words  we  have  alfo  in  common 
ufe  not  to  be  found  in  that  Tongue,  or  ve- 
nially  derivable  from  any  other  from 
whence  we  have  largely  borrowed,  and 
yet  fo  much  ftill  remaineth  with  us  that  it 
maketh  the  grofs  of  our  Language. 

The  religious  obligation  unto  the  He^ 
brew  Language  hath  fo  notably  continued 
the  fame,  that  it  might  ftill  be  underftood 
by  Abraham ,  whereas  by  the  Mazorztd 
Points  and  Chaldee  Charafter  the  old  Let- 
ter ftands  fo  transformed,  that  if  Mofes 
wTre  alive  again,  he  muft  be  taught  to 
reade  his  own  Law. 

The  Chinoys,  who  live  at  the  bounds 
of  the  Earth,  who  have  admitted  little 
communication,  and  fuffered  fucceflive  in- 
curfions  from  one  Nation,  may  poflibly 
give  account  of  a  very  ancient  Language; 
but  confifting  of  many  Nations  and 
Tongues ;  confufion,  admixtion  and  cor- 
ruption in  length  of  time  might  probably 

fo 


TradlVIII.  Of  Languages^  6cq.  135 

fo  have  crept  in  as  without  the  virtue  of  a 
common  Charader,  and  lading  Letter  of 
things,  they  could  never  probably  make 
out  thofe  ftrange  memorials  which  they 
pretend,  while  they  ftill  make  ufe  of  the 
Works  of  their  great  Confutius  many  hun- 
dred years  before  Chrift,  and  in  a  feries 
afcend  as  high  as  Poncms,  who  is  con- . 
ceived  our  Noah, 

-  The  prefent  Welch,  and  remnant  of  the 
old  Britanes,  hold  fo  much  of  that  ancient 
Language,  that  they  make  a  Ihift  to  un- 
derftand  the  Poems  of  Merlin,  Enerirt, 
Telefin,  a  thoufand  years  ago,  whereas  the 
Herulian  Pater  Nojler,  fet  down  by  Wolf'- 
gangus  LaziuSy  is  not  without  much  criti- 
cifm  made  out,  and  but  in  fome  words ; 
and  the  prefent  Parifians  can  hardly  hack 
out  thofe  few  lines  of  the  League  between 
Charles  and  Lewis,  the  Sons  of  Ludovicus 
Pius,  yet  remaining  in  old  French. 

The  Spaniards,  in  their  corruptive  tra- 
ducStion  and  Romance,  have  fo  happily  re- 
tained the  terminations  from  the  Latin, 
that  notwithftanding  the  Gothick  and 
Moorilh  intrufion  of  words,  they  are  able 
to  make  a  Difcourfe  completely  confiding 
of  Grammatical  Latin  and  Spanifli,  where- 
in the  Italians  and  French  will  be  very 
much  to  feek. 

K  3  Th§ 


134  Of  Languages^  ^Q,  TradVHl 

The  learned  Cafauhon  conceiveth  that  a 
Dialogue  might  be  compofed  in  Saxoa 
onely  of  fuch  words  as  are  derivable  firom 
the  Greek,  which  furely  might  be  effec- 
ted, and  fo  as  the  learned  might  not  un- 
eafily  find  it  out.  Ferjiegan  made-  no 
doubt  that  he  could  contrive  a  Letter 
which  might  be  underllood  by  the  En- 
giiih,  Dutch  and  Eaft  Friflander,  w^hich>  a3 
the  prefent  confufion  ftandeth,  might  have 
proved  no  very  clear  Piece,  and  hardly  to 
be  hammered  out :  yet  fo  much  of  the 
Saxon  ftill  remaineth  in  our  Englilli,  as 
may  admit  an  orderly  difcourfe  and  feries 
of  good  fenfe,  fuch  as  not  onely  the  pre- 
fent Englifti,  but  ^Ifric,  Bede  and  Alu- 
red  might  underftand  after  fo  many  hun- 
dred years. 

Nations  that  live  promifcuoufly,  undjer 
the  Power  and  Laws  of  Gonqueft,  do  fdy 
dom  efcape  the  lofs  of  their  Language 
with  their  Liberties,  wherein  the  Romans 
were  fo  ftrift  that  the  Grecians  were  fain 
to  conform  in  their  judicial  Procefles; 
which  made  the  Jews  loofe  more  in  feven- 
ty  years  difperfion  in  the  Provinces  of  ^<^- 
l^lon\  than  in  many  hundred  in  their  di- 
ftinft  habitation  in  ^gypt ;  and  the  En- 

flifli  which  dwelt  difperfedly  to  loofe  their 
^anguage  in  Ireland,  whereas  more  tole- 
rable reliques  there  are  thereof  in  Fingatt, 

where 


Trad:  VIII.  Of  Lajiguages,  6cc.  135 

where  they  were  clofely  and  "almoft  folely 
planted;  and  the  Moors  which  weremoft 
huddled  together  and  united  about  Grana- 
da, have  yet  left  their  Arvirage  among 
the  Granadian  Spaniards. 

But  ihut  up  in  Angles  and  inacceffible 
corners,  divided  by  Laws  and  Manners, 
tliey  often  continue  long  with  little  miX' 
ture,  which  hath  afforded  that  lading  life 
unto  the  Cantabriau  and  Britilh  Tongue, 
wherein  the  Britanes  are  remarkable,  who, 
having  liv^ed  tour  hundred  years  together 
with  ttie  Romans,  retained  fo  much  of  the 
Britifli  as  it  may  be  efteemed  a  Language; 
which  either  they  refolutely  maintained  in 
their  cohabitation  with  them  in  Britane,or 
retiring  after  in  the  time  of  the  Saxons  in- 
to Countries  and  parts  lels  civiliz'd  and 
converfant  with  the  Romans,  they  found 
the  People  diftind:,  the  Language  more 
intire,  and  fo  fell  into  it  again.  ^ 

But  furely  no  Languages  have  been  fo 
ftraitly  lock'd  up  as  not  to  admit  of 
commixture.  Xhe  Irifli,  although  they 
retain  a  kind  of  a  Saxon  Charafter,  yet 
have  admitted  many  words  of  Latin  and 
EngliQi.  In  the  Welch  are  found  many 
words  from  Latin,  fome  from  Greek  and 
Saxon.  In  what  parity  and  incommixture 
the  Language  of  that  People  flood  which 
were  cafually  difcovered  in  the  heart  of 
K  4  Spain 9 


13^  Of  La7iguages,S>cc.  TradVlIL 

Spain,  between  the  Mountains  of  Cajlile, 
no  longer  ago  than  in  the  time  of  Duke 
r>'  Alva,  we  have  not  met  with  a  good 
account  any  farther  than  that  their  words 
were  Bafquifh  or  Cantabrian :  but  the  pre-, 
fent  Bafquenfa  one  of  the  minor  Mother 
Tongues  of  Europe,  is  not  without  com- 
mixture of  Latin  and  Caftilian,  while  we 
meet  with  Santtfica,  tentationeten,  Glar'ta, 
puijfanea,  and  four  more  in  the  Ihort  Form 
of  the  Lord's  Prayer,  fet  down  by  Paulus 
Merula  :  but  although  in  this  brief  Form 
we  may  find  fuch  commixture,  yet  the 
bulk  of  their  Language  feems  more  di^ 
Hind:,  confiding  of  words  of  no  affinity 
unto  others,  of  numerals  totally  different, 
of  differing  Grammatical  Rule,  as  may  be 
obferved  in  the  Dictionary  and  fhort  Baf- 
quenfa Grammar,  compofed  by  Raphael 
Nkoleta^  a  Prieft  of  Btlhoa, 

And  if  they  ufe  the  auxiliary  Verbs  of 
Equin  and  Tfan,  anfwerable  unto  Hazer 
and  Set,  to  Have,  and  Be,  in  the  Spanifli, 
which  Forms  came  in  with  the  Northern 
Nations  into  the  Italian,Spanifh  and  French, 
and  if  that  Form  were  ufed  by  them  before, 
and  crept  not  in  from  imitation  of  their 
neighbours,  it  may  fliew  fome  ancienter 
traduction  from  Northern  Nations,  or  elfe 
muft  feem  very  ftrange,-  fince  the  Sou- 
thern Nations  had  it  not  of  old,  and  I 

know 


Trad  VIII.  Of  Languages,  &c.  137 

know  not  whether  any  fuch  mode  be 
found  in  the  Languages  of  any  part  oiA- 
merka. 

The  Romans,  who  made  the  great  com- 
mixture and  alteration  of  Languages  in  the 
World,  effefted  the  fame,  not  onely  by 
their  proper  Language,  but  thofe  alfo  of 
their  military  Forces,  employed  in  feveral 
Provinces,  as  holding  a  ftandirig  Militia 
in  all  Countries,  and  commonly  of  ftrange 
Nations;  fo  while  the  cohorts  and  Forces 
of  the  Britanes  were  quartered  in  ^gypt^ 
Armenia,  Spain,  Illyria,  &c.  the  Stabte- 
fians  and  Dalmatians  here,  the  Gauls,  Spa- 
niards and  Germans  in  other  Countries, 
and  other  Nations  in  theirs,  they  could 
not  but  leave  many  words  behind  them, 
and  carry  away  many  with  them,  which 
might  make  that  in  many  words  of  very 
diftin(3:  Nations  fome  may  ftill  remain 
of  very  unknown  and  doubtful!  Genea- 
logy. 

And  if,  as  the  learned  Buxhornius  con- 
tendeth,  the  Scythian  Language  as  the 
Mother  Tongue  runs  through  the  Nations 
oi  Europe,  and  even  as  far  as  Perfia,  the 
community  in  many  words  between  fo 
many  Nations,  hath  a  more  reafonable  o- 
riginal  traduftion,  and  were  rather  deri- 
vable from  the  common  Tongue  diffiifed 
through  them  all,  than  from  any  particu- 
lar 


138  Of  Languages,  6cQ.  Trad:VIIL 

lar  Nation,  which  hath  alfo  borrowed  and 
holdeth  but  at  fecond  hand. 

The  Saxons  fettling  over  all  England,  . 
maintained  an  uniform  Language,  onely^j 
diver fified  in  Diale£t,  Idioms,  and  minor 
differences,  according  to  their  different 
Nations  which  came  in  to  the  common 
Conqueft,  which  may  yet  be  a  caufe  of 
the  variation  in  the  fpeech  and  words  of 
fev^eral  parts  of  England,  where  different 
Nations  moft  abode  or  fettled,  and  having 
expelled  the  *  Britanes,  their  Wars  were 
chiefly  among  themfelves,  with  little  ac- 
tion with  foreign  Nations  untill  the  union 
of  the  Heptarchy  under  Egbert;  after 
which  time  although  the  Danes  infefted 
this  Land  and  fcarce  left  any  part  free, 
yet  their  incurfions  made  more  havock  in 
Buildings,  Churches  and  Cities,  than  the 
Language  of  the  Country,  becaufe  their  ^ 
Language  was  in  effeft  the  fame,  and  fuch 
as  whereby  they  might  eafily  underftand 
one  another. 

And  if  the  Normans,  which  came  into 
Neujlria  or  Normandy  with  Rollo  the  Dane, 
had  preferved  their  Language  in  their  new 
acquifts,  the  fucceeding  Conqueft  oi  Eng- 
land, by  Duke  William  of  his  race,  had 
not  begot  among  us  fuch  notable  alterati- 
ons; but  having  loft  their  Language  in 
their  abode  in  Normandy  before  they  ad- 
ventured 


Trad  VIII.  Of  Languages,  6cq,  1 3^ 

ventured  upon  England,  they  confounded 
the  Englilh  with  their  French,  and  made 
the  grand  mutation ,  which  was  fuccef- 
fively  encreafed  by  our  pofieffions  in  Nor- 
mandy, Guien  and  Aquitain,  by  our  long 
Wars  in  France,  by  frequent  refort  of  the 
French,  who  to  the  number  of  fome  thou- 
fands  came  over  with  /^^^/  Queen  to  Ed- 
ward the  Second,  and  the  feveral  Matches 
of  England  with  the  Daughters  of  France 
before  and  fmce  that  time. 

But  this  commixture,  though  fuiEcient 
to  confufe,  .proved  not  of  ability  to  abolilh 
the  Saxon  words ;  for  from  the  French  we 
have  borrowed  many  Subftantives,  Adjec- 
tives and  fortie  Verbs,  but  the  great  Body 
of  Numerals,  auxiliary  Verbs,  Articles, 
Pronouns ,  Adverbs ,  Conjunftions  and 
Prepofitions,  which  are  the  diftinguiihing 
and  lading  part  of  a  Language,  remain 
with  us  from  the  Saxon,  which,  having 
fuffered  no  great  alteration  for  many  hun- 
dred years,  may  probably  ftill  remain, 
though  the  Eiiglifti  fwell  with  the  in- 
mates of  Italian,  French  and  Latin.  An 
Example  whereof  may  be  obferv'd  in  this 
following, 

ENGLISH 


1 40  Of  Languages,  &c.  Trad  VIIL 

ENGLISH  I. 

The  firft  and  formoft  ftep  to  all  good 
Works  is  the  dread  and  fear  of  the  Lord  of* 
Heaven  and  Earth,  which  thorough  the 
Holy  Ghoft  enlightneth  the  blindnefs  of 
our  finfuU  hearts  to  ucda  the  ways  of 
wifedom,  and  leads  our  feet  into  the  Land 
of  Bleffing. 

SAXON  I. 

The  erft  and  fyrmoft  ftjEp  to  eal  gode 
Weorka  is  the  dr^cd  and  feurt  of  the  Lauord 
of  Heofan  and  Eorth,  while  thurh  the 
Heilig  Gaft  onlihtneth  the  blindnefle  of 
ure  finfull  heorte  to  trasd  the  waeg  of  wif- 
dome,  and  thone  ted  ure  fet  into  the  Land 
ofBlefliing. 

ENGLISH  IL 

For  to  forget  his  Law  is  the  Door,  the 
Gate  and  Key  to  let  in  all  unrighteoufnefs, 
making  our  Eyes,  Ears  and  Mouths  to 
anfwer  the  luft  of  Sin,  our  Brains  dull  to 
good  Thoughts,  our  Lips  dumb  to  his 
Praife,  our  Ears  deaf  to  his  Gofpel,  and 
our  Eyes  dim  to  behold  his  Wonders, 
which  witncfs  againft  us  that  we  have 

not 


Trad  VIII.  Of  Languages^  ^q.  141 

not  well  learned  the  word  of  God,  that 
we  are  the  Children  of  wrath,  unworthy 
of  the  love  and  manifold  gifts  of  God,  gree-  - 
dily  following  after  the  ways  of  the  Devil 
and  witchcraft  of  the  World,doing  nothing 
to  free  and  keep  our  felves  from  the  bur- 
ning fire  of  Hell,  till  we  be  buried  in  Sin 
and  fwallowed  in  Death,  not  to  arife  again 
in  any  hope  of  Chrid's  Kingdom, 

SAXOM  II. 

For  to  fuorgytan  his  Laga  is  the  Dure, 
the  Gat  and  Casg  to  let  in  eal  unrightwif- 
nyfle,  makend  ure  Eyge,  Eore  and  Muth 
to  anfware  the  luft  of  Sin,  ure  Brxgan 
dole  to  gode  Theoht,  ure  Lippan  dumb 
to  his  Preys,  ure  Earen  deaf  to  his  Go- 
fpel,  and  ure  Eyge  dim  to  behealden  his 
Wundra,  while  ge  witnyfle  ongen  us  that 
wee  cef  noht  wel  gelasred  the  weord  of 
God,  that  wee  are  the  Cilda  of  ured,'  un- 
wyrthe  of  the  lufe  and  miEuigfeald  gift  of 
God,  grediglice  felygend  aefter  the  waegen 
of  the  Deoful  and  wiccraft  of  the  Weorld, 
doend  nothing  to  fry  and  casp  ure  faula 
from  the  byrnend  fyr  of  Hell,  till  we  be 
geburied  in  Synne  and  fwolgen  in  Death 
not  to  arife  agen  in  senig  hope  of  Chriftes 
Kynedome. 

ENGLISH 


1^2         .  Of  Languages,  Sec.  Trad  VIIL 
ENGLISH  m. 

Which  draw  from  above  the  bitter  doom 
of  the  Almighty  of  Hunger,  Sword,  Sick- 
nefs,  and  brings  more  fad  plagues  than 
thofe  of  Hail,  Storms,  Thunder,  Bloud, 
Frogs,  fwarms  of  Gnats  and  Grafhoppers, 
which  ate  the  Corn,  Grafs  and  Leaves  of 
the  Trees  in  ^gypt- 

SAXON  III. 

While  drag  from  buf  the  bitter  dome  of 
the  Almagan  of  Hunger,  Sweorde,  Seok- 
nefle,  and  bring  mere  fad  plag,  thone 
they  of  Hagal,  Storme,  Thunner,  Blode, 
Frog,  fwearme  of  Gnset  and  Gaerfupper, 
while  eaten  the  Corn,  Gsers  and  Leaf  of 
the  Treowen  in  ^^gypt. 

ENGLISH  IV. 

If  we  reade  his  Book  and  holy  Writ, 
thefe  among  many  others,  we  jfhall  find 
to  be  the  tokens  of  his  hate ,  which  ga- 
thered together  might  mind  us  of  his 
will,  and  teach  U5  when  his  wrath  be- 
ginneth,  which  fometimes  comes  in  o- 
pen  ftrength  and  full  fail,  oft  fteals  like 
a  Thief  in  the  night,   like  Shafts  fliot 

from 


Trad  VIII.  Of  Languages^  &c.  1 43 

from  a  Bow   at  midnight,   before  we 
think  upon  them. 

SAXON  IV. 

Gyf  we  rosd  his  Boc  and  heilig  Gewrit, 
thefe  gemong  mxnig  othern,  we  fceall 
findan  the  tacna  of  his  hatung  while  gega- 
therod  together  miht  gemind  us  of  his  wil- 
lan,  and  teac  us  whone  his  ured  ongin- 
neth ,  while  fometima  come  in  open 
ftrength  and  fill  feyle,  oft  ftael  gelyc  a 
Theot  in  the  niht,  gelyc  Sceaft  fcoten 
fram  a  Boge  at  midneoht,  beforan  we 
thinck  uppen  them. 

ENGLISH  V. 

And  though  they  were  a  deal  lefs,  and 
rather  fliort  than  beyond  our  fins,  yet  do 
we  not  a  whit  withftand  or  forbear  them, 
we  are  wedded  to,  not  weary  of  our  mif- 
deeds,  we  feldom  look  upward,  and  are 
not  afhamed  under  fin,  we  cleanfe  not  our 
felves  from  the  blacknefs  and  deep  hue  of 
our  guilt ;  we  want  tears  and  forrow,  we 
weep  not,  fall  not,  we  crave  not  forgive- 
nefs  from  the  mildnefs,  fweetnefs  and 
goodnefs  of  God,  and  with  all  livelihood 
and  ftedfaftnefs  to  our  uttermoft  will  hunt 
after  the  evil  of  guile,  pride,  curling,  fwea- 

ring. 


144  Of  Languages,  dcQ.  TradVlIl 

ring,  drunkeanefs,  overeating,  uncleannefs, 
all  idle  luft  of  the  flefli,  yes  many  uncouth 
and  namelefs  fins,  hid  in  our  inmoft  Breaft 
and  Bofomes,  which  ftand  betwixt  our 
forgivenefs,  and  keep  God  and  Man  afun- 
der. 

SAXOU  V. 

And  theow  they  waere  a  dael  lefle,  and 
reither  fcort  thone  begond  oure  finnan, 
get  do  we  naht  a  whit  withftand  and  for* 
beare  them,  we  eare  bewudded  to,  noht 
werig  of  ure  agen  mifdeed,  we  feldon  loc 
upweard,  and  ear  not  offch^cmod  under 
/  {inne,  we  cleans  noht  ure  felvan  from  the 
blacnefle  and  dasp  hue  of  ure  guilt;  we 
wan  teare  and  fara,  we  weope  noht,  fosil 
noht,  we  craf  noht  foregyfnefle  fram  the 
mildnefle,  fweetnefie  and  goodnefle  of 
God,  and  mit  eal  lifelyhood  and  ftedfafl- 
nefle  to  ure  uttermoft  witt  hunt  refter  the 
ufel  of  guile,  pride,  curfung,  fwearung, 
druncennefle,  overeat,  uncleannefle  and 
eal  idle  luft  of  the  flsefc,  yis  maenig  un- 
cuth  and  nameleas  finnan,  hid  in  ure  in- 
maeft  Brift  and  Bofome,  while  ftand  be- 
twixt ure  foregyfnefle,  and  casp  God  and 
Man  afynder. 

ENGLISH 


Trad:  VIII.  Of  Languages^  ^q.  145 

ENGLISH  VI. 

Thus  are  we  far  beneath  and  alfo  worfe 
lan  the  refl:  of  God's  Works ;  for  the  Sun 
[iid  Moon,  the  King  and  Queen  of  Stars, 
Snow,  Ice,  Rain,  Froft,  Dew,  Mill,  Wind, 
fourfooted  and  creeping  things,  Fiflies  and 
feathered  Birds,  and  Fowls  either  of  Sea 
or  Land  do  all  hold  the  Laws  of  his  will. 

SAXON  Y\. 

Thus  eare  we  far  beneoth  and  ealfo 
wyrfe  thone  the  reft  of  Gods  Weorka ; 
for  the  Siin  and  Mone,  the  Cyng  and 
Cqaen  of  Stearran,  Snaw,  Ife,  Ren,  Froft, 
Deaw,  Mifte,  Wind,  feower  fet  and  cry- 
pend  dinga.  Fix  yefetherod  Brid,  and  F:e- 
Jan  auther  in  Sx  or  Land  do  eal  heold  the 
Lag  of  his  willan. 

Thus  have  you  feen  in  few  words  how 
near  the  Saxon  and  Englifti  meet. 

Now  of  this  account  the  French  will 
be  able  to  make  nothing ;  the  modern 
Danes  and  Germans,  though  from  feveral 
words  they  may  conjedrure  at  the  mea- 
ning, yet  will  they  be  much  to  feek  in 
the  orderly  fenie  and  continued  conftruc- 
L  tion 


14^  Of  Languages,  &c.  Tradt  VIII. 

tion  thereof,  whether  the  Danes  can  conr 
tinue  fuch  a  feries  of  fenfe  out  of  their  pre- 
fent  Language  and  the  old  Runick,  as  to 
be  intelligible  unto  prefent  and  ancient 
tirnes,  fome  doubt  may  well  be  made; 
and  if  the  prefent  French  would  attempt 
a  Difcourfe  in  words  common  unto  their 
prefent  Tongue  and  the  old  Romam  Ru- 
ftka  fpoken  in  Elder  times,  or  in  the  old 
Language  of  the  Francks,  which  came  to 
be  in  ufe  fome  fucceflions  after  Pharamond, 
it  might  prove  a  Work  of  fome  trouble  to 
efTea. 

It  were  not  impoffible  to  make  an  Ori- 
ginal reduction  of  many  words  of  no  ge- 
neral reception  in  England  but  of  common 
pfe  in  Norfolk,  or  peculiar  to  the  Eaft 
Angle  Countries;  as,  Bawnd ,  Bunny, 
Thurck,  Enemmis,  Sammodithee,  Mawther, 
Kedge.SeeUy  Straft^  Clever,  Matchly.Dere, 
Nicked,  Stingy ^Noneare^^Feft,  Thepes,  Gof- 
goody  Kampy  Sihrit,  Fangaji,  Sap,  Cothifh, 
Thokijh,  Bide  owe,  Paxwax :  of  thefe  and 
fome  others  of  no  eafie  originals,  when 
time  will  permit,  the  refolution  may  be 
attempted ;  which  to  efieft,  the  Danifh 
Language  new  and  more  ancient  may 
prove  of  good  advantage :  which  Nation 
remained  here  fifty  years  upon  agreement, 
and  have  left  many  Families  in  it,  and  th^ 
Language  of  thefe  parts  |iad  furely  been 
■^    -^  '        '  more 


TracftVIIL  Of  Languages^  ^q.  147 

more  commixed  and  perplex,  if  the  Fleet 
of  Hugo  de  Bones  had  not  been  caft  away, 
wherein  threefcore  thoufand  Souldiers  out 
of  Br  it  any  and  Flanders  were  to  be  waf- 
ted over,  and  were  by  King  John^  appoint- 
ment to  have  a  fettled  habitation  in  the 
Counties  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk, 

But  befide  your  laudable  endeavours  in 
the  Saxon,  you  are  not  like  to  repent  you 
of  your  ftudies  in  the  other  European  and 
Weftern  Languages,  for  therein  are  delive- 
red many  excellent  Hiftorical,  Moral  and 
Philofophical  Difcourfes,  wherein  men 
merely  verfed  in  the  learned  Languages 
are  often  at  a  lofs  :  but  although  you  are 
fo  well  accompliflied  in  the  French,  you 
will  not  furely  conceive  that  you  are  ma- 
tter of  all  the  Languages  in  France,  for  to 
omit  the  Briton,  Britonant  or  old  Britifli, 
yet  retained  in  fome  part  of  Britany,  I 
Ihall  onely  propofe  this  unto  your  con- 
ftruftion. 

Chavalifco  d^  aquejles  Boemes  chems  an 
freitado  lou  cap  cun  taules  Jargonades,  ero 
necy  chi  voluiget  bout  a  fin  tens  emhe  aqueU 
les,  Anin  a  lous  occells,  che  dizen  tat  proa 
ben  en  ein  voz  U  ome  nofap  comochodochi 
yen  ay  jes  de  plazer,  d'  aufir  la  mitat  de 
paraulles  en  el  mon, 

L  X  This    • 


1 4S  Of  Lavgriages^  &c.  Tradl  VIII. 

This  is  a  part  of  that  Language  which 
Scaliger  nameth  Idiotifmus  TeCloJagicus, 
or  Lanme  d'  oc,  counterdiftinguilhing  it 
unto  the  Idiotifmus  Franckus,  or  Latrgue 
d'  ouy,  not  under  flood  in  a  petty  corner  or 
between  a  few  Mountains,  but  in  parts  of 
early  civility,  in  Languedoc,  Provence  and 
Catalonia,  which  put  together  will  make 
little  lefs  than  England. 

Without  fome  knowledge  herein  you 
cannot  exaclly  underfland  the  Works  of 
fiahim  :  by  this  the  French  themfelves  are 
fain  to  make  out  that  preferved  relique  of 
old  French,  containing  the  League  between 
Charles  and  Lewis  the  Sons  of  Ludovicus 
Piusi  Hereby  may  tolerably  be  underflood 
the  feveral  Trafts  written  in  the  Catalo- 
nian  Tongue;  and  in  this  is  publiflied  the 
Traft  of  Falconry  written  by  Theodojim 
and  Symmachus  :  in  this  is  yet  conferved 
the  Poem  Vilhuardine  concerning  the 
French  expedition  in  the  Holy  War,  and 
the  taking  of  Confiantinople,  among  the 
Works  of  Marius  ALquicola  an  Italian  Po 
et.  You  may  find,  in  this  Language,  a 
pleafant  dialogue  of  Love :  this,  about  an 
hundred  years  ago,  was  in  high  efteem, 
when  many  Italian  Wits  flocked  into  Pro^ 
vence  ;  and  the  famou§  Petrarcha,  wrot^ 
inany  of  his  Poem§  in  Fauclufe  in  that 
gountry,  fof 


Trad  VIII.  Of  Languages^  &co  1 4p 

For  the  word  ^DreaJ'}  in  the  Royal 
Title  [^ Dread  Sovereign~\  of  which  you 
defire  to  know  the  meaning,  I  return  an- 
fwer  unto  your  queflion  briefly  thus. 

Mod  men  do  vulgariy  uriderftaild  this 
word  Dread  after  the  common  and  En- 
gliih  acception,  as  implying  Fear,  Awe  or 
Dread. 

Others  may  think  to  expound  it  from 
the  French  word  Droit  or  Droyt.  For^ 
whereas  in  elder  times,  the  Trefidents  and 
Supremes  of  Courts  were  termed  Sove- 
reigns,  men  might  conceive  this  a  diftinc- 
tive  Title  and  proper  unto  the  King  as  e- 
minently  and  by  right  the  Sovereign. 

A  third  expofition  may  be  made  fromi 
Ibme  Saxon  Original,  particularly  frorri 
Driht,  Domine,  or  Drihten,  Dominus^  in 
the  Saxon  Language,  the  word  for  Dorni* 
nus  throughout  the  Saxon  Pfalms,  and  u- 
fed  in  the  exprefiion  of  the  year  of  our 
Lord  in  the  Decretal  Epiftle  of  Pope  ^g^- 
tho  unto  Athelred  King  of  the  Mercians, 
Anno^  680. 

Verfiegan  would  haVe  this  term  Drihten 
appropriate  unto  God.    Yet,  in  the  Con- 
ftitutions  of  *  Withred  King  of  Kent,  we  *  v.  a 
find  the  fame  word  ufed  tor  a  Lord  or  ^P„"],ij;"'''' 
Mafter,  Si  in  vefperh  prcecedente  folem 
L  3  Jerum 


150  Of  Languages^  ^Q.  TradVIIL 

fervus  ex  mandate  Domini  aliquod  epus 
fervile  egerit^  Dominus  (Drihten)  80  y^r 
lidis  luito.  However  therefore,  though 
Driht,  Domine^  rnight  be  moft  eminently 
applied  unto  the  Lord  of  Heaven ,  yet 
might  it  be  alfo  transferred  unto  Poten- 
tates and  Gods  on  Earth,  unto  whom 
fealty  is  given  or  due,  according  unto  the 
Feudift  term  Ligem  a  Ligando  unto  whom 
they  were  bound  in  fealty.  And  therefore 
from  Drihty  Domine^  Dread  Sovereign, 
may,  probably,  owe  its  Original. 

I  have  not  time  to  enlarge  upon  this 
Subject :  'Pray  let  this  pafs,  as  it  is,  for  a 
Letter  and  not  for  a  Treatife.    I  am 

Tours y  Sec. 


TRACT 


TRACT    IX. 


OF  ARTIFICIAL 

H  I  L   L  S5 

MOUNTS  or  BURROWS,^ 

In  many  parts  of 

ENGLAND. 

What  they  are,  to  what  end  raifed, 
and  by  what  Nations. 

My  honoured  Friend  Mr.  E.  D,  his  ^^e. 


I 


N  my  laft  Summer's  Journey  through 
*^  I    Mar Jhland,  Holland 2inA2i^XQZX,^2iXt 
^*  -*-  of  the  FennSy  I  obferved  divers  arti- 
ficial heaps  of  Earth  of  a  very  large  mag- 
nitude, and  I  hear  of  many  others  which 
^'  g^e  in  other  parts  of  thofc  Countries, 
L  4  ''  fome 


u 


152  Of  the  Tumuli  of  Trad  I xll 

"  fome  of  them  are  at  leaft  twenty  foot 
'"  in  direft  height  from  the  level  whereori 
"  they  ftand.  I  would  gladly  know  your 
"  opinion  of  them,  and  whether  you  think 
"  not  that  they  were  raifed  by  the  Romans 
"  or  Saxons  to  cover  the  Bones  or  Allies 
"  of  fome  eminent  perfons  ? 


My  A7ifwer. 

Worthy  Sir, 

Concerning  artificial  Mounts  and  Hills, 
raifed  without  Fortifications  atten- 
ding them,  in  moft  parts  of  England,  the 
moft  confiderable  thereof  I  conceive  to  be 
of  two  kinds ;  that  is,  either  fignal  Boun- 
daries and  Land-marks,  or  elfe  fepulchral 
JMonuments  or  Hills  of  Interrment  for  re* 
markable  and  eminent  perfons,  efpecially 
fuch  as  died  in  the  Wars. 

As  for  fuch  which  are  fepulchral  Monu- 
ments, upon  bare  and  naked  view  they 
are  not  appropriable  unto  any  of  the  three 
Nations  of  the  Romans,  Saxons  or  Danes, 
who,  after  the  Britaines,  have  poflefled  this 
Land ;  becaufe  upon  ftrift  account,  they 
may  be  appliable  unto  them  all. 

For 


Tra6i:  IX.  Romans ^  Saxons^  Danes.      155 

For  that  the  Romans  ufed  fuch  hilly  Se- 
pultures, befide  many  other  teftimonies, 
feems  confirmable  from  the  praftice  of 
Germankus,  who  thus  interred  the  unbu- 
ried  Bones  of  the  flain  Souldiers  of  Farus ; 
and  that  expreffion  of  Virgil,  of  high  aa-  ' 
tiquity  among  the  Latins, 

-facit  ingens  mcnte  fuh  alto 


Regis  Dercenni  terreno  ex  agger e  Bujlum* 

That  the  Saxons  made  ufe  of  this  way 
is  colleftible  from  feveral  Records ,  and 
that  pertinent  expreffion  of  "^  Lelafidus,*^^^ 
Sax  ones  gens  Chrijli  ignara ,  in  hortis  a- neoi  ki- 
mcenis^  p  domi  forte  cegroti  morielantur ;  thuri, 
fin  for  is  &  hello  occiji,  in  egejiis  per  campos 
terra  tumults,  quos  (Burgos  appellabant) 
Jepultifunt, 

That  the  Danes  obferved  this  praftice, 
their  own  Antiquities  do  frequently  con- 
firm, and  it  flands  precifely  delivered  by 
Adolphus  Cyprius,  as  the  learned  f  Wormim  f  worm? os 

hath  obferved.  Dani  olim  in  memoriam  Re-  ^^  ^onyjneM^ 
Q^  rr  ttsDantctu 

gum  \3  Her  cum,  ex  terra  coacervata  zngen'^ 

tes  moles  yMontium  inftar  eminenteSyerexiffe, 

credilile  omnino  ac  prolahile  efi,  atque  iU 

lis  in  locis  ut  plurimum,  quo  ftepe  homines 

commearent,  atque  iter  haherent,  ut  in  vi^ 

is  puhlicis  pofteritati  memoriam  confecra^ 

rent^  ^  quodammodo  immortalitati  man- 

darent. 


Of  the  Tumuli  of  Tra6l 

darent.  And  the  like  Monuments  are  yet 
to  be  obferved  in  Norway  and  Denmark  in 
no  fmall  numbers. 

So  that  upon  a  fingle  view  and  outward 
obfervation  they  may  be  the  Monuments 
of  any  of  thefe  three  Nations  :  Although 
the  greateft  number,  not  improbably,  of 
the  Saxons;  who  fought  many  Battels 
with  the  Britaines  and  Danes,  and  alfo  be- 
tween their  own  Nations,  and  left  thfc 
proper  name  of  Burrows  for  thefe  Hills 
llill  retained  in  many  of  them,  as  the  fe- 
ven  Burrows  upon  Salislury  Plain,  and  in 
many  other  parts  of  England. 

But  of  thefe  and  the  like  Hills  there^ 
can  be  no  clear  and  aflured  decifion  with- 
out an  ocular  exploration,  and  fubterrane- 
ous  enquiry  by  cutting  through  one  or 
them  either  directly  or  croflwife.  For  fa 
with  lefler  charge  difcovery  may  be  made 
what  is  under  them,  and  confequently  the 
intention  of  their  ereftion. 

For  if  they  were  raifed  for  remarkable 
and  eminent  Boundaries,*  then  about  theif  > 
bottom  will. be  found  the  lading  fubflan- 
ces  of  burnt  Bones  of  Beafts ,  of  Aflies, 
Bricks,  Lime  or  Coals. 

If  Urns  be  found,  they  might  be  ereded 
by  the  Romans  before  the  term  of  Urn- 
burying  or  cuftom  of  burning  the  dead 
expired :  but  if  raifed  by  the  Romans  after 

lha# 


Trad  IX.  Romans^  Saxons^  Vanes.      155 

that  period ;  Infcriptions,  Swords,  Shields 
and  Arms  after  the  Roman  mode,  may 
afford  a  good  diftinftion. 

But  if  thefe  Hills  were  made  by  Saxons 
or  Danes,  diftcvery  may  be  made  from 
the  fafliion  of  their  Arms,  Bones  of  their 
Horfes,  and  other  diftinguiftiing  fubftan- 
ces  buried  with  them. 

And  for  fuch  an  attempt  there  wanteth 
not  encouragement.  For  a  like  Mount  or 
Burrow  was  opened  in  the  days  of  King 
Henry  the  Eighth  upon  Bar  ham  Down  in' 
Kent,  by  the  care  of  Mr.  Thomas  D^gges 
and  charge  of  Sir  Chrtftopher  Hales  \  and 
a  large  Urn  with  Aflies  was  found  under 
it,  as  is  delivered  by  Thomas  Twinus  De 
Rehus  Alhionicis,  a  learned  Man  of  that 
Country ,  Sub  increithtli  Term  acervo, 
ZJrna  cinere  offium  magnorum  fragment  is 
plena,  cum  galeis,  clypeis  a  nets  ^  ferrets 
ruhigine  fere  confumptis,  inufitatce  magnitU'^ 
dims,  eruta  efl :  Jed  nulla  infer iptio  nomen, 
nullum  tefltmonium  tempus,  aut  fortunam 
exponehant :  and  not  very  long  ago ,  as 
*  C  ami  den  delivereth,  in  one  of  the  Mounts  *  Cambd. 
o{  Barklow  Hills  in  EJfex,  being  levelled  ^"'•^  5 '^* 
there  were  found  three  Troughs,  contai- 
ning broken  Bones,  conceived  to  have  been 
of  Danes  :  and  in  later  time  we  find,  that 
a  Burrbw  was  opened  in  the  Ifle  of  Man, 
wherein  fourteen  Urns  were  found  with 

burnt 


1^6  Of  the  Tumuli,  &c.  Trad  IX. 

burnt  Bones  in  ilicm ;  and  one  more  neat 
than  the  reft,  placed  in  a  Bed  of  fine  white 
Sand,  containing  nothing  but  a  few  brittle 
Bones,  as  having  pafled  the  Fire;  accor- 
ding to  the  particular  account  thereof  in 
*  Pkhlifljed  the  '*'  defcription  of  the  Ifle  of  Ma»,  Sure- 
Dtn^kine.  ^y  fn^ny  noble  Bones  and  Afties  have  been 
contented  with  fuch  hilly  Tombs;  which 
neither  admitting  Ornament,  Epitaph  or 
Infcription ,  may  ,  if  Earthquakes  fpare 
them,  out  laft  all  other  Monuments.  Su^ 
fmt  Metis  metae.  Obelisks  have  their 
term,  and  Pyramids  will  tumble,  but  thefe 
mountainous  Monuments  may  ftand,  and 
are  like  to  have  the  fame  period  v/ith  the 
Earth. 

More  might  be  faid,  but  my  bufinefs, 
of  another  nature,  makes  me  take  off  my 
hand.    I  am 

Tours ^  &c* 


TRACT 


(157) 
TRACT    X. 


P  F 

T  R  O  A  S, 

W^hat  place  is  meant  by 
that  Name. 

Alfo,  of  the  fituations  of  Sodom^ 

Gomorrba-^  Admah^  Zeboim^ 

in  the  dead  Sea. 

Sir, 

To  your  Geographical  Queries ,  I  anftver  as 
follows, 

IN  fundry  paflages  of  the  new  Tefta- 
ment,  in  the  Aiis  of  the  Apojiles,  and 
Epiftles  of  S.  Paul,  we  meet  with  the 
word  Troas ;  how  he  went  from  Troas  to 
Fhilippi  in  Macedonia,  from  thence  unto 

Troas 


1 5  8     Of  Tro2iS  3  ofSodom.is^c.  Trad  X. 

Troof  again :  how  he  remained  feven  days 
in  that  place ;  from  thence  on  foot  to  Af 
fos,  whither  the  Difciples  had  failed  from 
Troasy  and  there,  taking  him  in,  made 
their  Voyage  unto  Cafarea. 

Now,  whether  this  Troas  be  the  name 
of  a  City  or  a  certain  Region  feems  no 
groundlefs  doubt  of  yours :  for  that  'twas 
fometimes  taken  in  the  fignification  of 
fome  Country,  is  acknowledged  by  Orte- 
liiUy  St£phaniis  and  Grotius ;  and  it  is  plain- 
ly fet  down  by  Straho,  that  a  Region  of 
Phrygia  in  Afia  minor  was  fo  taken  in  an- 
cient times ;  and  that,  at  the  Trojan  War, 
all  the  Territory  which  comprehended  the 
nine  Principalities  fubjedt  unto  the  King 
of  Ilium,  t^om  Ag^/B/xiw,  was  called  by 
the  name  of  Troja.  And  this  might  feem 
fuiEciently  to  falve  the  intention  of  the 
defcription,  when  he  came  or  went  from 
Troas,  that  is,  fome  part  of  that  Region ; 
and  will  otherwife  feem  ftrange  unto  ma- 
ny how  he  fliould  be  faid  to  go  or  come 
from  that  City  which  all  Writers  had  laid 
in  the  Allies  about  a  thoufand  years  be- 
fore. 

All  which  notwithftanding ,  fince  we 
reade  in  the  Text  a  particular  abode  of  fe-' 
ven  days,  and  fuch  particulars  as  leaving 
of  his  Cloak,  Books  and  Parchments  at 
Troas :  And  that  S.  Luke  feems  to  have 

been 


TradX  Of  TT02iS'^  of  Sodom.iS'c.     159 

been  taken  in  to  the  Travels  of  S.  Paul  in 
this  place,  where  he  begins  in  the  Aiis  to 
write  in  the  firft  perfon,  this  may  rather 
feem  to  have  been  fome  Qty  or  fpecial 
Habitation,  than  any  Province  or  Region 
without  fuch  limitation. 

Now  that  fuch  a  City  there  was,  and 
that  of  no  mean  note,  is  eafily  verified 
from  hiftorical  obfervation.  For  though 
old  Ilium  was  anciently  deftroyed^,  yet 
was  there  another  raifed  by  the  relifts  of 
that  people,  not  in  the  fame  place,  but 
about  thirty  Furlongs  weftward,  as  is  to 
be  learned  IromStraio. 

Of  this  place  Alexander  in  his  Expedi- 
tion again  ft  Darius  took  efpecial  notice, 
endowing  it  with  fundry  Immunities, 
with  promife  of  greater  matters  at  his  re- 
turn from  Perfia ;  inclined  hereunto  from 
the  honour  he  bore  unto  Homer,  whofe 
earneft  Reader  he  .was,  and  upon  whofc 
Poems,  by  the  help  of  Anaxarchus  and 
CalliJiheneSy  he  made  fome  obfervations. 
As  alfo  much  moved  hereto  upon  the  ac- 
count of  his  cognation  with  the  JEacides 
and  Kings  of  Moloffus,  whereof  Androma- 
che the  Wife  oiHetior  was  Queen.  After 
the  death  of  Alexander,  Lyfimachus  fur- 
rounded  it  with  a  Wall,  and  brought  the 
inhabitants  of  the  neighbour  Towns  unto 
it,  andfoitborethenameof^/d'x^^Wr/^- 

which 


I ^o     6?/Troas  5  o/Sodom,  isrc  Trad  X. 

which,  from  Anttgonus,  was  alfo  called 
Ant'tgcniay  according  to  the  infcription  of 
that  famous  Medal  in  Gokjius ,  Colonia 
Troas  Antigonia  Alexanclrea,  Legio  vice^ 
fima  prima. 

When  the  Romans  firft  went  into  Afia 
againft  Antiochus  'twas  but  a  Kcjt)ijuo7roXi<; 
and  no  great  City  ;  but,  upon  the  Peace 
concluded,  the  Romans  much  advanced 
the  fame.  Fimhria,  the  rebellious  Roman, 
fpoiled  it  in  the  Mithridatick  War,  boafting 
that  he  had  fubdued  Troy  in  eleven  days 
which  the  Grecians  could  not  take  in  al- 
moft  as  many  years.  But  it  was  again  re- 
built and  countenanced  by  the  Romans, 
and  became  a  Roman  Colony,  with  great 
Immunities  conferred  on  it;  and  accor- 
dingly it  is  fo  fet  down  by  Ptolomy.  For 
the  Romans,  dei-iving  themfelves  from  the 
Trojans,  thought  no  favour  too  great  for 
it;  efpecially  Julius  Ccefar,  who,  both  in 
imitation  of  Alexander,  and  for  his  own 
defcent  ixom  Julus,  ofthepofterity  of^- 
fieasy  with  much  paflion  affefted  it,  and, 
Sucton.  in  a  difcontented  humour,  '^  was  once  in 
mind  to  tranflate  the  Roman  wealth  un- 
to it ;  fo  that  it  became  a  very  remarkable 
place,  and  was,  in  Strahos  time,  lAAo^- 
^v  nQMoDVy  one  of  the  noble  Cities  of 
Ajfa, 

And, 


TradX.  0fTtO2iSidfSodomyis'c,     i^i 

And,  if  they  underftood  the  predidion 
of  Homer  in  reference  unto  the  Romans, 
as  fome  expound  it  in  Straho,  it  might 
much  promote  their  affeftion  unto  that 
place ;  which  being  a  remarkable  pro- 
phecy, and  fcarce  to  be  paralleled  in  Pagan 
Itory,  made  before  Rome  was  builtj  and 
concerning  the  lading  Reign  of  the  pro- 
geny oiMneas,  they  could  not  but  take 
efpecial  notice  of  it.  For  thus  is  Neptune 
made  to  fpeak,  when  he  iv^tA/^neasitom 
the  fury  oi  Achilles. 

Verum  agite  hunc  fuhito  prdfeHti  a  m0rte 

trahamus 
Ne  Cronides  ira  flammet  fi  fort  is  Achilles 
Hunc  maitet^  fati  quern  Lex  evader e  juffit. 
Ne  genus  inter  eat  de  latofemine  toturn 
Dardani  ah  excelfo  pra  cuntlis  prolilus 

olim, 
Dileili  quos  e  mortaliftirpe  creav^, 
Nunc  etiam  friami  ft  ir pern  Saturnius  0dit^ 
Trojugenum  pofthac  /Eneas  fceptra  tenehit* 
Et  nati  natorum  ^  qui  nafcentur  ah  illis. 

The  Roman  favours  were  alfo  continu- 
ed unto  S.  Paul\  days  ;  for  ^  Claudius,  *  SocroS. 
producing  an  ancient  Letter  of  the  Ro- 
mans unto  King  Seleucus  concerning  the 
Trojan  Privileges,  made  a  Releafe  of  their 
Tributes;  and  Nero  elegantly  pleaded  for  ncic/. i|. 
M  their 


i62     ^/Troas 5  of  Sodom,Ji?r.  TraiftX. 

their  Immunities,  and  remitted  all  Tributes 
unto  them.  v  fo 

And,  therefore,  there  being  fo  remar- 
kable a  City  in  this  Territory;  it  m^y 
feem  too  hard  to  loofe  the  fame  in  the 
general  name  of  the  Country;  and  fince  it 
was  fo  eminently  favoured  by  Empert)urs, 
enjoying  fo  many  Immunities,  and  full  of 
Roman  Privileges,  it  was  probably  very 
*  populous,  and  a  fit  abode  for  S.  Paul,  who 
being  a  Roman  Citizen,  might  live  more 
quietly  himfelf,  and  have  no  fmajl  num* 
ber  of  faithfuU  well-wifliers  in  it. 
'-'"Yet  muft  we  not  conceive  that  this  was 
the  old  Troy,  or  re-built  in  the  fame  place 
with  it :  ^for  Troas  was  placed  about  thirty 
Furlongs  Weft,  and  upon  the  Sea  fliore  $ 
fo  that ,  to  hold  a-  clearer  apprehenfion 
hereof  than  is  commonly  delivered  in  the 
Difcourfes  of  the  Ruines  of  Troy,  we  may 
confider  one  Inland  Troy  or  old  Iliurn^ 
which  was  built  farther  within  the  Land, 
^nd  fo  was  removed  from  the  Port  where 
the  Grecian  Fleet  lay  in  Homer ;  and  ano- 
ther Maritime  Troy,  which  was  upon  the 
Sea  Coaft  placed  in  the  Maps  of  Ptolomy, 
between  Ledum  and  Sigceum  or  Port  Ja- 
mzam,  Southweft  from  the  old  City,  which 
was  this  of  S.  Paul,  and  whereunto  are  ap- 
pliable  the  particular  accounts  o(  Be/HomuSi 
when,  not  an  hiindred  years  ago,  he  de- 
'--  *  fcribed 


TradX.  ^/Troas3  ofSodoniyiyc,     16 j 

fcribed  the  Ruines  of  Troy  with  their 
Baths,  Aqueduds,  Walls  and  Towers,  to 
be  Teen  from  the  Sea  as  he  failed  between 
it  and  Tenetlos ;  ^nd  where,  upon  nearer 
view,  he  obferved  fome  figns  and  im- 
preHions  of  his  converfion  in  the  ruines  of 
Churches,  Crofles,  and  Infer iptions  upod 
Stones. 

Nor  was  this  onely  a  famous  City  in  the 
days  of  S.  Pauly  but  confiderable  long  af- 
ter.   For,  upon  the  Letter  oi  A<^nams,^^^^otint.m 
Herodes  Attkus,  at  a  great  charge,  repai-'^jj^ci!^'°  * 
red  their  Baths,  contrived  Aquedufts  and 
noble  Water- courfes  in  it.     As  is  alfo  col- 
leftible  from  the  Medals  oUCaracalla,  dl 
SeveruSy  and  Crzfpina ;  with  Infcription^,^ 
Co  Ionia   Alexandria   Troas ,    bearing  pri 
the  Reverfe  either  an  Horfe,  a  Temple, 
or  a  Woman ;  denoting  their  deftruftion 
by  an  Horfe,  their  prayers  for  the  Empe-- 
Tour's  fafety,  and,  as  fome  conjediure,  the 
memory  of  Sibylla,  Phrygia  or  Hellefpon- 
ilea. 

Nor  wanted  this  City  the  favour  of 
Chriftian  Princes,  but  was  made  a  Biihop's 
See  under  the  Archbifhop  oiCyzicum;  but  • 
in  fucceeding  difcords  was  dellroyed  and 
ruined,  and  the  nobler  Stories  tranflated 
to  Conftantinople  by  the  Turks  to  beautifie 
their  Mofquesand  other  Buildings. 

M  %  Corner'^ 


'1^4    OfTto^i  ofSodom,i5rc.  Tra^X. 

Concerning  the  Dead  Sea,  accept  of 
thefe  few  Remarks. 

IN  the  Map  of  the  Dead  Sea  we  meet 
with  the  Figure  ot  the  Cities  which 
were  deftroyed  :  oi  Sodom,  Gomorrha,  A  J- 
mah  and  Zeioim;  but  with  no  unifor- 
mity ;  men  placing  them  varioufly,  and, 
from  the  uncertainty  of  their  fituation, 
taking  a  fair  liberty  to  (et  them  where 
they  pleafe. 

For  Admah,  !Zehoim  and  Gomorrha, 
there  is  no  light  from  the  Text  to  define 
their  fituation.  But,  that  Sodom  could 
not  be  far  from  Segor  which  was  feated 
under  the  Mountains  near  the  fide  of  the 
Lake,  feems  inferrible  from  the  fudden  ar*  | 
rival  of  Lot,  who,  coming  from  Sodom  at 
day  break,  attained  to  Segor  at  Sun  rifing ; 
and  therefore  Sodom  is  to  be  placed  not 
many  miles  from  it,  not  in  the  middle  of 
the  Lake,  which  againft  that  place  is  a- 
bout  eighteen  miles  over,  and  fo  will  leave 
nine  miles  to  be  gone  in  fo  fmall  a  fpace  of 
time. 

The  Valley  being  large,  the  Lake  now 
in  length  about  feventy  Englifli  miles,  the 
River  Jordan  and  divers  others  running 
over  the  Plain,  'tis  probable  the  beft  Cities 

were 


TradtX.  OfTrozs-jOfSodom.iS'c.     1^5 

were  feated  upon  thofe  Streams :  but  how 
the  Jordan  palled  or  winded,  or  where  it 
took  in  the  other  Streams,  is  a  point  too 
old  for  Geography  to  determine. 

For,  that  the  River  gave  the  fruitfulnefe 
unto  this  Valley  by  over  watring  that  low 
Region,  feems  plain  from  that  expreffion  in 
the  *  Text,  that  it  was  watered,  ficut  Para"  *  Cen.if.io, 
difus  &  yEgyptus,  like  Eden  and  the  Plains 
oi  MefopotamiUy  where  Euphrates  yearly 
overfloweth ;  or  like  ^gypt  where  Nilus 
doth  the  like:  and  feems  probable  alfo 
from  the  fame  courfe  of  the  River  not*far 
above  this  Valley  where  the  Ifraelites  paf- 
fed  Jordan^  where  'tis  faid  that  Jordan 
overfloweth  its  Banks  in  the  time  of  Har^ 
veft. 

^  That  it  muft  have  had/ome  paflage  un- 
der ground  in  the  compafs  of  this  Valley 
before  the  creation  of  this  Lake,  feemsiie- 
ceflary  from  the  great  current  of  Jordan, 
^d  from  the  Rivers  Amon,  Cedron^  Zaeth^ 
which  empty  into  this  Valley ;  but  where 
to  place  that  concurrence  of  Waters  or 
place  of  its  abforbition,  thereisnoauthen- 
tick  decifion*^ 

The  probableft  place  may  be  fet  fome- 
what  Southward,  below  the  Rivers  that 
run  into  it  on  the  Eaft  or  Weftern  Shore: 
and  fomewhat  agreeable  unto  the  account 
which  BrQcardm  received  from  the  Sara* 
M  3  z(:m 


1 66     Of T was  5  ofSodom.i^f.  Trad  X. 

zens  which  lived  near  it,  JorcUnem  ingre- 
di  Mare  Mortuum^  rurjum  egredi,  fed pofl 
^xiguum  intervaSum  a  Terra  ahforheri. 

Straho  fpeaks  naturally  o|  this  Lake, 
that  it  was  firft  caufed  by  Earthquakes, 
by  iulphureous  and  bituminous  eruptions, 
arifing  from  the  Earth.  But  the  Scripture 
31  5>P*  iiiakes  it  plain  to  have  been  from  a  mirj^- 
culous  hand,  and  by  a  remarkable  expreft 
fion,  plutt  Domrnus  ignem  &  Su^lphnr  a  Dd^ 
miKO.  See  2X^0  Deut.  29.  in  ardore  Salis  : 
burning  the:  Cities  and  deftroying  all 
things  about  the  Plain,  deftroying  the  ve- 
getable nature  of  Plants  and  all  living  things, 
faking  and  making  barren  the  w^hole  Soil, 
and,  by  thefe  fiery  Showers,  kindling  and 
fetting  loofe  the  body  of  the  bituminous 
Mines,  which  ftiewed  their  lower  Veins 
before  but  in  fome  few  Pits^nd  openings, 
fw^llowing  up  the  Foundation  of  their 
Cities ;  opening  the  bituminoiis  Treafure^ 
below,  and  making  a  fmoak  like  a  Fur-^ 
.  pace  able  to  be  difcerned  by  Abraham  at  a 
>     .  good  difliance  from  it. 

If  this  little  may  give  you  fatisfadioiij 
I  {hall  be  glad,  as  beihg,  Sir, 

Tours,  &C, 
TRACT 


(1^7) 
TRACT    XL 

- r  r.>  li^'t^ 

OF    THE 

ANSWERS 

19  'F    THE 

4 

Omck  of  A^oUo  at  Delphos 


T  o 
Crcejm  King  of  Lydia. 


^'^Mong  the  ?  Oracles  of  ^jfo//o  there  *  see  vuig. 
are   none    more  celebrated  than^^'^'^cia* 
thofe   which  he   delivered  unto 
Crwftus  King  of  f  LyJia,  who-  feems  of  all  t  Herod,  /.i. 
Princ6s  to  have  held  the  greateft  depen-4M7,&c. 
der\ce  on  them.    But  mod  confiderable 
are  his  plain  and  intelligible  replies  which 
he  made  Unto  the  fame  King,- when  h6 
M  4  fene 


1 62  (9/ Apollo's  Anfwers  Trad  XI. 

fent  his  Chains  of  Captivity  unto  Pe/phos, 
after  his  overthrow  by  Cyras ,  with  fad 
expoflulations  why  he  encouraged  him 
unto  that  fatal  War  by  his  Oracle,  faying, 
^  Herod.      *  TL^ohiyiiaTJLt   K^o/cta),   !w   (^^-nvrflcti   ^^ 

Croefus,  //  he  Wars  againji  the  Terfians^ 
JhaS  Ji^olve  a  great  Empire.  Why,  at 
leaft,  he  prt vented  not  that  fad  infelicity 
of  his  devoted  and  bountifuli  Servant,  and 
whether  it  were  fair  or  honourable  for  the 
Gods  of  Greece  to  be  ingratefuU :  which 
being  a  plain  and  open  dehvery  oliDelphos, 
and  fcarce  to  be  parallel'd  in  any  ancient 
ftory,  it  may  well  dcferve  your  farther 
confideration, 

I.  His  firft  reply  was,   That  Crcefus 

Suffered  not  for  h/mfelf;  but  paid  the  tranf- 

greflion  of  his  fifth  predeceflbur,  who  kill'd 

his  Matter  and  ufurpy^lhe  dignity  unto 

which  he  held  no  title. 

Now  whether  Cra^fus  fuffered  upon  this 
account  or  not,  hereby  he  plainly  betray- 
ed his  infufficiency  to  proted:  him ;  and 
alfo  obliquely  difcovered  he  had  a  know- 
ledge of  h^  misfortune ;  for  knowing  that 
wicked  ad  lay  yet  unpunifhed,  he  might 
well  divine  fome  of  his  fucceflburs  might 
fmart  for  it ;  and  alfo  underflanding  he 
lyas  like  to  be  the  laft  of  that  race,  he 

might 


Trac^lXl  to  Ct(£{us  King  of  Lydh.    i6^ 

might  juftly  fear  and  conclude  this  infeli- 
city upon  him. 

Hereby  he  alfo  acknowledged  the  ine- 
vitable juftice  of  God ;  that  though  Re- 
venge lay  dormant,  it  would  not  always 
fleep ;  and  confequently  confefled  the  juft 
hand  of  God  puniihing  unto  the  third  and 
fourth  generation,  nor  fuffering  fuch  ini- 
quities f  o  pafs  for  ever  unrevenged. 

Hereby  he  flatteringly  encouraged  him 
in  the  opinion  of  his  own  merits,  and  that 
he  onely  fuffered  for  other  mens  tranfgref- 
fions:  mean  while  he  concealed  Crosfus 
his  pride,  elation  of  mind  and  fecure  con- 
ceit of  his  own  unparallel'd  felicity,  toge- 
ther with  the  vanity,  pride  and  height  of 
luxury  of  the  Lydian  Nation,  which  the 
Spirit  of  Delphos  knew  well  to  be  ripe  and 
•ready  for  deltruftion. 

2.  A  Second  excufe  was.  That  it  is  not 
in  the  power  of  God  to  hinder  the  Decree 
of  Fate,  A  general  evafion  for  any  falfifi^ 
ed  predi<3:ion  founded  upon  the  common 
opinion  of  Fate,  which  impioufly  fubjec- 
terh  the  power  of  Heaven  unto  it ;  wide- 
ly difcovering  the  folly  of  fuch  as  repair 
unto  him  concerning  future  events :  which, 
according  unto  this  rule,  muft  go  on  as  the 
Fates  have  ordered,  beyond  his  power  to 
prevent  pr  theirs  to  ^void;  and  confe- 
quently 


1  yo  Of  Apollo's  Anfweri  Tradl  Xt 

quently  teaching  that  his  Oracles  had  one- 
*  ly  this  ufe  to  render  men  more  miferable 
by  foreknowing  their  misfortunes ;  where- 
of Crosjus  hiitifelf  held  a  fenfible  experi- 
^ce  in  that  Di^moniacal  Dream  concer* 
Milk  his  eldefl  Son,  that  he  fheM  he  kit^ 
liifhy  a  Spear ^  which,  after  all  care  and 
caati6n,  he  found  inevitably  to  befall  him) 

3.  In  his  Third  Apology  he  aflured  him 
that  he  endeavoured  to  transfer  the  evil 
Fate  and  to  pfs'it  upon  his  Children  J 
and  did  however  procraftinate  his  infeli- 
city, and  deferred,  the  deftruftion  of  Sar* 
dis  and  his  own. Captivity  three  years  lon- 
ger than  was  fatally  decreed  upbh  it. 

Wherein  whjle  he  wipes  off  the  ftain  of 
Ingratitude,  he!  leaves  no  fmall  doubt  whe^ 
ther,  it  being  out  of  his  powerHto  contra-i* 
dift  or  transfer  the  Fates  of  his  Servants, 
it  be  not  alfo  beyond  it  'to  defef^fueh  fig- 
nal  events,  and  whereorrthe  Fates  of  whole 
Nations  do  depbnd.^y^/''''^';V5  A     /v\. 

As  alfo,  whether  h6  intended  or  endea- 
voured to  bring  to  pafs  what  he  pretended, 
fome  qucftioii  rnight  be  made.  For  that 
he  thould  attempt  br  think  he  could  tranf^ 
late  his  infelicity  upon  his  Sons,  it  could 
riot  confift  with  his  judgment,  which  at- 
tempts not  impoflibles  or  things  beyond 
his  'power ;  rior  '^ith'  his  knowledge  of 

future 


Trad  XL  to  Cx:c^(\xs  King  (?/ Lydia.     171 

future  things,  and  the  Fates  of  fucceeding 
Generations :  for.  he  underftood  that  Mo- 
narchy was  to  expire  in  himfelf,'and  could 
particularly  foretell  the  infelicity  of  hi^ 
Sons,  and  hath  alfo  made  ffennote  predic- 
tions unto  others  concetriirig  the  fortunes 
of  many  fucceeding  defcent^;  as  appears 
in  thatanfwer  xmtjoAttalu^,^  ^vr-^.  Vtni 

Be  of  good  courage,  Attalus,  thoufhalt  reign 
And  thy  Sons  Sons,  hut  not  their  Sons  again: 

As  alfo  unto  Cypfelus  King  of  Corinth, 

Happy  is  the  Man  who  at  mf  Altar  flan ds^^ 
Great  Cypfelus  iw6t7  Corinth  now  commands. 
Happy  is  he,  his  Sons  fla/h  happy  he. 
But  for  their  So^s,  unhappy  days  they  II  fee. 

Now,  being  able  to  have  fo  large  a  pro- 
fpe<S  of  future  things,  and  of  the  fate  of 
many  Generations,  it  might  well  be  gran- 
ted he  was  not  ignorant  of  the  Fate  of  Croe-^ 
fus  his  Sons^  and  well  underftood  it  was  in 
vain  to  think  to  tranflate  his  mifery  upjon^ 
them.  '  ^^^ 

'  4.  In  the  Fourth  part  of  his  reply,  he 
clears  himfelf  of  Ingratitude  which  Hell 
it  felf  cannot  hear  of  ,•  alledgjing  that  he 
had  faved  his  life  when  he  w^s  ready  to' 

be 


lyi  Of  Apollo'5  Anfwers  Tracfl XL 

be  burnt,  by  fending  a  mighty  Showre, 
in  a  fair  and  cloudlefs  day,  to  quench  the 
Fire  already  kindled ,  which  all  the  Ser- 
vants of  Cyrus  could  not  doe.  Though 
this  Shower  might  well  be  granted,  as 
much  concerning  his  honour,  and  not  be- 
yond his  power ;  yet  whether  this  merci- 
full  Showre  fell  not  dut  contingently  or 
were  not  contrived  by  an  higher  power, 
which  hath  often  pity  upon  Pagans,  and 
rewardeth  their  vertues  fometimes  with 
extraordinary  temporal  favours ;  alfo,  4n 
no  unlike  cafe,  who  was  the  authour  of 
thofe  few  fair  minutes,  which,  in  a  (how- 
xy  day,  gave  onely  time  enough  for  the 
burning  of  SySas  3ody,  fome  queftion 
might  be  made. 

5'.  The  laft  excufe  devolveth  the  erroup 
and  mifcarriage  of  the  bufinefs  upon  C/-^- 
fiu,  and  that  he  deceived  himfelf  by  an 
inconfiderate  mifconftru<3:ion  of  his  Oracle, 
that  if  he  had  doubted,  he  ftiould  not  have 
pafled  it  over  in  filence,  but  confuted  a- 
gain  for  an  expofition  of  it.  Befides,  he 
had  neither  difcufled,  nor  well  perpended 
his  Oracle  concerning  Cyrus,  whereby  he 
might  have  underftoocf  not  to  engage  a- 
gainft  him. 

Wherein,  to  fpeak  indiffirently,  the  de» 
ception  and  mifcarriage  feems  chiefly  tq 

lie 


TradtXL  toCt(£(\xsKingofLydh.     173 

lie  at  Crosfus  his  door,  who,  if  not  infatua- 
ted with  confidence  and  fecurity,  might 
juftly  have  doubted  the  conftrudtion :  be- 
fides,  he  had  received  two  Oracles  before, 
which  clearly  hinted  an  unhappy  time  un- 
to him :  the  firft  concerning  Cjrus. 

^    When  ever  a  Mule  Jhall  o'er  the  Medians 
reign. 
Stay  not,  hut  unto  Hermus  fly  amain. 

Herein  though  he  underftood  not  the  Me-- 
dtan  Mule  of  Cyrus,  that  is,  of  his  mixed 
defcent,  and  from  Aflyrian  and  Median 
Parents,  yet  he  could  not  but  apprehend 
fome  misfortune  from  that  quarter. 

Though  this  prediction  feemed  a  no- 
table piece  of  Divination,  yet  did  it  not 
fo  highly  magnifie  his  natural  fagacity  or 
knowledge  ot  future  events  as  was  by  ma* 
ny  efteemed ;  he  having  no  fmall  afliftance 
herein  from  the  Prophecy  oi  Daniel  cour 
cerning  the  Perfian  Monarchy ,  and  the 
Prophecy  of  Jeremiah  and  Ifaiah^  wherein 
he  might  reade  the  name  of  Cyrus  who 
Ihould  reftore  the  Captivity  of  the  Jews, 
and  mull,  therefore,  be  the  great  Monarch 
and  Lord  of  all  thofe  Nations. 

The  fame  misfortune  was  alfo  foretold 
when  he  demanded  of  ApoSo  if  ever  he 
ihould  hear  his  dumb  Soa  fpealc 

Ofoolijh 


174  ^/  Apolb'5  Anfwers  Trad  XL 

O  foolijh  Croefus  who  hafi  made  this  choke, 
To  know  wheii  thou  Jh  alt  hear  thy  dumb  Sons 

voice  ; 
Better  he  fiillwere  mute,  would  nothing  fay. 
When  he  firft  fpeaks,  look  for  a  dijmal  day> 

This,  if  he  contrived  not  the  time  and 
the  means  of  his  recovery,  was  no  ordi- 
nary divination :  yetliow  to  make  out  the 
verity  of  the  ftory  fome  doubt  may  yet 
remain.  For  though  the  caufes  of  deafnefs 
and  dumbnefs  were  removed ,  yet  fince 
words  are  attained  by  hearing,  and  mePi 
fpeak  not  without  inftruftion ,  how  he 
fhould  be  able  immediately  to  utter  fuch 
*Hcrod./.i.  apt  and  fignificant  words,  as  '^^AvSr^oein, 
'5*  fjiv\  Til^vi  KfOiffcv,  Q  Man  flay  not  Crcefus, 

it  cannot  elcape  fome  doubt,  fmce  the 
Story  alfo  deUvers,  that  he  was  deaf  and 
dumb,  that  he  then  firil  began  to  fpeak, 
and  fpake  all  his  hfe  after. 

Now,  if  Crcefus  had  confulted  ag^in  for 
a  clearer  expofition  of  what  was  doubt- 
fully delivered,  whether  the  Oracle  would 
have  fpake  out  the  fecond  time  or  affor- 
ded a  clearer  anlwer,  fome  quefliori  might 
be  made  from  the  examples  of  his  practice 
upon  the  like  demands. 
.  So  when  the  Spartans  had  often  fougte 
with  ill  fticcefe  againft  the  Tegeates,  the^ 
*\%\:iti\v  conful- 


1  rad  XL  to  Gr oefus  King  of  Lydia.     175 

confulted  the  Oracle  what  God  they 
fliould  appeafe,  to  become  vid:orious  on 
ver  them.  The  anfwer.was,  that  they 
jhould  remove  the  Bones  (?/Oreftes.  Though 
the  words  were  plain,  yet  the  thing  was 
obfcure,  and  like  finding  out  the  Body  of 
Mofes.  And  therefore  they  once  more 
demanded  in  what  place  they  fliould  find 
the  fame ;  unto:  whom  he  retujrned  this  an- 
fwer,  ^1  f-rt  ^ '  ^}  ?^--r--!  - 

When  in  the  Tegean  Plains  a  place  thou 

find'fl 
Where  hlafls  are  made  by  two  impetuous 

Winds, 
Where  that  that  ft  r  ikes  is  ft  ruck,  blows  foW. 

low  blows,  * 

There  doth  the  Earth  Oreftes  Bones  en- 

clofe. 

Which  obfcure  reply  the  wifeft  of  Sparta 
could  not  make  out,  and  was  cafually  un- . 
riddled  by  one  talking  with  a  Smith  who 
had  found  large  Bones  of  a  Man  buried 
about  his  Houfe;  the  Oracle  importing 
no  more  than  a  Smith's  Forge,  exprefled 
by  a  double  Bellows,  the  Hammer  and 
Anvil  therein. 

Now,  why  the  Oracle  fliould  place  fuch 
confideration  upon  the  Bones  of  Oreftes  the 
Son  oi  Agamemnon f  a  mad  man  and  a  mur- 

therer. 


1 76  Of  Apollo  s  Anfwers  Ti^ad:  Xt 

therer,  if  not  to  promote  the  idolatry  of 
the  Heathens,  and  maintain  a  fuperftitious 
veneration  of  things  of  no  aftivity,  it  may 
leave  no  fmall  obfcurity. 

Or  why,  in  a  bufinefs  fo  clear  in  his 
knowledge,  he  fhould  afied:  fo  obfcure  ex- 
preffions  it  may  alfo  be  wondred ;  if  it 
were  not  to  maintain  the  wary  and  eva- 
five  method  in  his  anfwers :  for,  fpeaking 
obfcurely  in  things  beyond  doubt  within 
his  knowledge,  he  might  be  more  tole- 
rably dark  in  matters  beyond  his  prefci* 
ence. 

Though  EI  were  infcribed  over  the 
Gate  of  Delphos,  yet  was  there  no  unifor- 
mity in  his  deliveries.  Sometimes  with 
that  obfcurity  as  argued  a  fearfull  prophe- 
cy ;  fometimes  fo  plainly  as  might  confirm 
a  fpirit  of  divinity ;  fometimes  morally,  de- 
terring from  vice  and  villany ;  another 
time  vitioujly,  and  in  the  fpirit  of  bloud 
and  cruelty  :  obfervably  modeft  in  his 
civil  enigma  and  periphrafis  of  that  part 
*  Plut.  in  which  old  Numa  would  plainly  *  name, 
^^^'  and  Medea  would  not  underftand,  when 

he  advifed  Mgeus  not  to  draw  out  his  foot 
before,  untill  he  arriv'd  upon  the  Atheni- 
an ground  ;  whereas  another  time  he  fee- 
med  too  literal  in  that  unfeemly  epithet 
tKHcrod.  unto  Cyanus  King  of"*"  Cyprus  y  and  put  a 
beaftly  trouble  upon  all  Ag)pt  to  find  out 

the 


Trad XI.  toCrccdisKingof  Lfdix     177 

the  Urine  of  a  true  Virgin.  Sometimes, 
more  beholding  unto  rriemory  than  inven- 
tion, he  delighted  to  expfefs  himfelf  in 
the  bare  Verfes  of  Homer,  But  that  he 
principally  affeded  Poetry,  and  that  the 
Prieft  not  onely  of  always  compofed  his 
profal  raptures  into  Verfe,  feems  plain 
from  his  necromantical  Prophecies,  whilft 
the  dead  Head  in  Phlegon  delivers  a  long 
Prediftion  in  Verfe ;  and  at  the  raifing  of 
the  Ghoft  of  Commodus  unto  CaracaSa^ 
when  none  of  his  Anceftours  would  fpeak, 
the  divining  Spirit  verfified  his  infelicities  ; 
correfponding  herein  to  the  apprehenfions 
of  elder  times,  who  conceived  not  onely 
a  Majefty  but  fomething  of  Divinity  in 
Poetry,  and  as  in  ancient  times  the  old 
Theologians  delivered  their  inventions. 

Some  critical  Readers  might  exped  in 
his  oraculous  Poems  a  more  than  ordinary 
ftrain  and  true  fpirit  oi Apollo;  not  con* 
tented  to  find  that  Spirits  make  Verfes  like 
Men,  beating  upon  the  filling  Epithet, 
and  taking  the  licence  of  dialefts  and 
lower  helps,  common  to  humane  Poetry; 
wherein,  fmce  Scaliger ,  who  hath  fpa- 
red  none  of  the  Greeks,  hath  thought  it 
v^^ifedom  to  be  filent,  we  Ihall  make  no 
excurfion. 

Others  may  wonder*  how  the  curiofity 
of  elder  times,  having  this  opportunity  of 

N  his 


1 78  Of  Apollo'5  Anfwers  Tra6l  XL 

his  Anfwers,  omitted  Natural  Queftions; 
or  how  the  old  Magicians  difcovered  no 
more  Philofophy  ;  and  if  they  had  the  af- 
fiftance  of  Spirits,  could  reft  content  with 
the  bare  allertions  of  things,  without  the 
knowledge  of  their  caufes ;  whereby  they 
had  made  their  Aits  iterable  by  fober 
hands,  and  a  ftanding  part  of  Philofophy. 
Many  wife  Divines  hold  a  reality  in  the 
wonders  of  the  Egyptian  Magicians,  and 
that  thofe  magnalia  which  they  performed 
before  Pharaoh  were  not  mere  delufions 
of  Senfe.  R  ightly  to  underftand  how  they 
made  Serpents  out  of  Rods ;  Froggs  and 
Bloud  of  Water,  were  worth  half  Fortas 
Magick. 

Hermolaus  Bar  bar  us  was  fcarce  in  his 
wits,  when,  upon  conference  with  a  Spi- 
rit, he  would  demand  no  other  queftion 
than  the  explication  diArifiotles  Entele- 
,        che'ta.  Appion  the  Grammarian,  that  would 
:        raife  the  Ghoft  of  Homer  to  decide  the 
Controverfie  of  his  Country,  made  a  fri- 
volous and  pedantick  ufe  of  Necromancy. 
Thiloftratus  did  as  little,  that  call'd  up  the 
Ghoft  of  Achilles  for  a  particular  of  the 
l^:;.-  Story  of  Troy,    Smarter  curiofities  would 

have  been  at  the  great  Elixir,  the  Flux  and 
Reflux  of  the  Sea,  with  other  noble  ob- 
fcurities  in  Nature ;  but  probably  all  in 
Vain :  in  matters  cognofcible  and  framed 

for 


TradlXi.  toCxo^i\iskingofLydi2L.     17^ 

for  our  difquifitioh,  our  Induftry  riiuft  be 
our  Oracle,  and  Reafon  our  Apollo, 

Not  to  know  things  without  the  Arch 
of  our  intelleftuals,  or  what  Spirits  appre- 
hend, is  the  imperfeftion  of  oUr  nature 
not  our  knowledge,  ^nd  rather  infcience 
than  ignorance  in  man.  Revelation  might 
render  a  great  part  of  the  Creation  eafie 
which  now  feems  beyond  the  ftretch  of 
humane  indagation,  arid  welcome  no  doubt 
from  good  hands  might  be  a  true  Alma- 
gefty  and  great  celeftial  conftruftion ;  a 
clear  Syfteme  of  the  planetical  Bodies  of 
the  invifible  and  feeming  ufelefs  Stars  un- 
to us,  of  the  many  Suns  in  the  eighth 
Sphefe,  what  they  are,  what  they  con- 
tain and  to  what  more  immediately  thofe 
ftupendious  Bodies  are  ferviceable.  But 
being  not  hinted  in  the  authentick  Reve- 
lation of  God,  nor  known  how  far  their 
difcoveries  are  ftinted ;  if  they  fliould  come 
unto  us  from  the  mouth  of  evil  Spirits, 
the  belief  thereof  might  be  as  unfafe  as  the 
enquiry; 

This  is  a  copious  Subjed ;  but,  having 
exceeded  the  bounds  of  a  Letter,  I  will 
tioti  now>  purfue  it  farther.    I  am 

ToUriy&^c. 

M  i  . TRACf 


080 
TRACXiXIL 


IJMiiiir-' 


A 

pRopmc%, 

Concerning  the  future  ftate  of  feveral 

NATIONS, 

In  a  Letter  written  upon  occafion 

ofanoldProjrfiecyfenttotheAuthour^  ^ 
from  a  Friend,  with  a  Requeft  that  ^  i 
he  would  confider  it. 

_ ■      \JJ 

Sir, 

I  Take  hopleafure  in  Prophecies  fo  hard* 
ly  intelligible,  and  pointing  at  future 
things  from  a  pretended  fpirit  of  Divi-^ 
nation ;  of  which  (brt  this  feems  to  be 
which  came  unto  your  hand,  and  you 
were  pleafed  to  fend  unto  me.  And  thete- 
fore,  for  your  ^afier  appreheafion,  diver-. 
N  3  tifement 


1 82       A  Prophecy  concerning  Trad  XIL 

tifeipent  and  confideration,  I  prefent  you 
with  a  very  difierent  kind  of  predidbion : 
not  pofitively  or  peremptorily  telling  you 
what  ihall  come  to  pafs ;  yet  pointing  at 
things  not  without  all  reafqn  or  probabili- 
ty of  their  events  5  not  built  upon  fatal 
decrees,  or  inevitable  defignations,  but  up- 
on cpnjeftural  foundations,  whereby  things 
wilh^d  may  be  prambted,  asd  fiich  as  are 
feared,  may  more  probably  be  prevented. 


a 


THE 


PaOPHECY. 

obilno-j 

WjF/ett  New  England  Jha/I  trmlle 
New  Spain. 
When  Jamaica  pall  he  Lady  of  the  Ijles  and 

the  Main. 
When  SpSL\nJha//ie  in  America  hid. 
And  Mtyiico  Jhali  prove  a  Madrid. 
When  Mahomet's  Ships  cv  the  B^AtickfiaS 
.   ride. 

And  Tt^rksjhall  lahenr  to  home  Torts  on  that 
-S^e. 


Tradl  XIL    feveral  Nations.  j  85 

When  Africa  fhall  no  more  fell  out  their 

Blacks 
To  make  Slaves  and  Drudges  to  the  Ameri- 
can Trails, 
When  Batavia  the  Oldjhall  he  contemn  d  hy 

the  New. 
When  a  neiv  Drove  of  Tartars  fial/ China 

fuhdue. 
When  America  fhall  ceafe  to  fend  out  its 

TreafurCj 
But  employ  it  at  home  in  American  Plea-^ 

fure. 
When  the  new  World  fhall  the  old   in- 

vade, 
Nor  count  them  their  Lords  hut  their  fel- 

lows  in  Trade. 
When  Men  fhall  almofl  pafs  to  Venice  ly 

Land, 
Not  in  deep  Water    hut  from    Sand  to 

Sand.  ' 

When  Nova  Zembla  /hall  he  no  flay 
Vnto  thofe  who  pafs  to  or  from  Cathay. 
Then  think  Jirange  things  are  come  to  light, 
Whereof  but  fevQ  have  had  a  forefight^ 


N4  THE 


184       A  Prophecy  coricerning  Trad:  XII. 

THE 

EXPOSITIpN 

OF    THE 

PROPHECY. 


,W 


Hen  New  England  jhall  trouble 
New  Spain. 


That  is.  When  that  thriving  Colony, 
which  hath  fo  much  encreafed  in  our  days, 
and  in  the  fpace  of  about  fifty  years,  that 
they  can,  as  they  report,  raife  between 
twenty  and  thirty  thoufand  men  upon  an 
exigency,  fliall  in  procefs  of  tinie  be  fo 
advanced,  as  to  be  able  to  fend  forth  Ships 
and  Fleets,  a$  to  infeft  the  American  Spa- 
nifli  Ports  and  Maritime  Doniinions  by 
depredations  or  aflaults;  for  which  at- 
tempts they  are  not  like  to  be  unprovided, 
as  abounding  in  the  Materials  for  Shipping, 
Oak  and  Firre.  And  when  length  of  time 
ihall  fo  far  encreafe  that  induftrious  people, 
that  the  neighbouring  Country  will  not 


contain 


Tradl  XII.    fever al  Nations.  185 

contain  them,  they  will  range  ftill  farther 
and  be  able,  in  time,  to  fet  torth  great  Ar- 
mies, feek  for  new  pofleflions,  or  make 
confiderable  iand  conjoined  migrations,  ac- 
cording to  the  cuftom  of  fwarming  Nor- 
thern Nations;  wherein  it  is  not  likely 
that  they  will  move  Northward,  but  to- 
ward the  Southern  and  richer  Countries, 
which  are  either  in  the  Dominions  or  Fron- 
tiers of  the  Spaniards:  and  may  not.im^ 
probably  ereft  new  Dominions  in  places 
hot  yet  thought  of,  and  yet,  for  fome  Cen- 
turies, beyond  their  power  or  Ambition. 


When  Jamaica  fhall  be  Lady  of  the  Ijles 
and  the  Main, 

That  is.  When  that  advantageous  Ifland 
fhall  be  well  peopled,  it  may  become  fo 
ftrong  and  potent  as  to  over-power  the 
neighbouring  Ifles,  and  alfo  a  part  of  the 
main  Land,  efpecially  the  Maritime  parts. 
And  already  iii  their  infancy  they  have 
given  teftimony  of  their  power  and  cou- 
rage in  their  bold  attempts  upon  Campeche 
and  Santa  Martha ;  and  in  that  notable 
attempt  upon  Panama  on  the  Weflern  fide 
of  America  :  efpecially  confidering  this 
Ifland  is  fufBciently  large  to  contain  a  nu- 
merous people,  of  a  Northern  and  warlike 

defcent. 


8^  A  Trophecy  concerning  TradlXIL 
defcent,  addifted  to  martial  affairs  both 
by  Sea  and  Land,  and  advantageoufly  fea- 
red to  infeft  their  neighbours  both  of  the 
Ifles  and  the  Continent,  and  like  to  be  a 
receptacle  for  Colonies  of  the  fame  origi« 
nals  from  Barhadoes  and  the  neighbour 
Ifles. 

When  Spain  Jl:>all  he  in  America  hid ; 
And  Mexico  Jhall  prove  a  Madrid. 

That  is,  When  Spain,  either  by  unex- 
pefted  difafters,  or  cpntinned  emiflions  of 
people  into  America,  which  have  already 
thinned  the  Country,  Ihall  be  farther  ex- 
hauftcd  at  home :  or  when,  in  procefe  of 
time,  their  Colonies  (hall  grow  by  many 
acceffions  more  than  their  Originals,  then 
Mexico  may  become  a  Madrid,  and  as  con- 
fiderable  in  people,  wealth  and  fjplendour : 
wherein  that  place  is  already  fo  well  ad- 
vanced, that  accounts  fcarce  credible  are 
given  of  it.  And  it  is  fo  advantageoufly 
feated,  that,  by  Acapulco  and  other  Ports 
on  the  South  Sea,  they  may  maintain  a 
communication  and  commerce  with  the 
Indian  Ifles  and  Territories,  and  with 
China  and  Japan,  and  on  this  fide,  by  Por^ 
ta  Belo  and  others,  hold  correfpondence 
with  Efii-ope  and  Africa. 

When 


Trad  XII.    feveral  Nations.  1 87 


Wken  Mahomet'j  Ships  in  the  Baltick  JhaU 
ride. 

Of  this  we  cannot  be  out  of  all  fear ; 
for,  if  the  Turk  ftiould  mafter  Poland^  he 
would  be  foon  at  this  Sea.  And  from  the 
odd  conftitution  of  the  Polifh  Govern- 
ment, the  divifions  among  themfelves, 
jealoufies  between  their  Kingdom  and  Re- 
publick;  vicinity  of  the  Tartars,  treache- 
ry of  the  Coflacks,  and  the  method  of 
Turkifti  Policy,  to  be  at  Peace  with  the 
Emperour  of  Germany  when  he  is  at  War 
with  the  Poles,  there  may  be  caufe  to  fear 
that  this  may  come  to  pafs.  And  then  he 
would  foon  endeavour  to  have  Ports  upon 
that  Sea,  as  not  wanting  Materials  for 
Shipping.  And,  having  a  new  acquift  of 
flout  and  warlike  men,  may  be  a  terrour 
unto  the  confiners  on  that  Sea,  and  to  Na- 
tions which  now  conceive  themfelves  fafe 
from  fuch  an  Enemy. 


When  Africa  JhaU  no  more  fell  out  their 
Blacks. 

4. 
That  is,  When  African  Countries  fliall 
jfiq  longer  make  it  a  common  Trade  to  fell 
'         "  ^way 


1 8  8:        A  Prophecy  concernbig  Tracfl  XII. 

away  their  people  to  ferve  in  the  drudge- 
ry of  American  Plantations.  And  that 
may  come  to  pafs  when  ever  they  ihall 
be  well  civilized,  and  acquainted  with 
Arts  and  Affairs  fuificient  to  employ  peo- 
ple in  their  Countries :  if  alfo  they  Ihould 
be  converted  toChriftianity,  butefpecial- 
ly  unto  Mahometifm ;  for  then  they  would 
never  fell  thofe  of  their  Religion  to  be 
Slaves  unto  Chriftians. 


When  Batavia  the  Old  fhall  he  contemtld 
by  the  New, 

When  the  Plantations  of  the  Hollanders 
at  Batavia  in  the  Eaft  Indies^  and  other 
places  in  the  Eafl  Indies ^  ihall,  by  their 
conquefts  and  advancements,  become  fo 
powerful!  in  the  Indian  Territories ;  Then 
their  Original  Countries  and  States  of  Hol- 
land are  like  to  be  contemned  by  thefn, 
and  obeyed  onely  as  they  pleafe.  And 
they  feem  to  be  in  a  way  unto  it  at  prefent 
by  their  feveral  Plantations,  new  acquifts 
and  enlargements :  and  they  have  lately 
difcovered  a  part  of  the  Southern  Con  tit 
nent,  and  feveral  places  which  may  be 
ferviceable  unto  fhem,  when  ever  time 
Ihall  enlarge  them  unto  fuch  nec^fljties. 

And 


Trad  XII    feveral  Nations.  i8^ 


AfiJ  a  new  Drove  of  Tartars  fhall  China 
fuldue. 

Whkh  is  no  ftrange  thing  if  we  corifult 
the  Hiftories  of  Chinay  and  fucceflive  In- 
undations made  by  Tartarian  Nations. 
For  when  the  Invaders,  in  proccfs  of  time, 
have  degenerated  into  the  effeminacy  anf 
foftnefs  of  the  Chinefes,  then  they  them- 
felves  have  fuffered  a  new  Tartarian  Con- 
queft  and  Inundation.  And  this  hath  hap- 
pened from  time  beyond  our  Hiftories : 
for,  according  to  their  account,  the 
famous  Wall  of  China ,  built  againft  the 
irruptionsof  the  Tartars,  was  begun  above 
a  hundred  years  before  the  Incarnatiort?  , 


When  America  fhall  ceafi  to  fen  J  forth  its 

Treafure, 
But  employ  it  at  home  for  American  flea" 

fure. 

That  is.  When  America  fliall  be  better 
civilized,  new  policied  and  divided  be* 
tween  great  Princes,  it  may  come  to  pafs 
that  they  will  no  longer  fuffer  their  Trea* 
fure  of  Gold  and  Silver  to  be  fent  out  to 
maiotain  the  Luxury  of  Europe  and  other 

parts : 


^o  A  Prophecy  concerning  Trad:  XII. 
parts :  but  rather  employ  it  to  their  own 
advantages,  in  great  Exploits  and  Under- 
takings, magnificent  ^trudures,  Wars  or 
Expeditions  of  their  own. 


When  the  new  World  jh all  the  old  invade. 

That  is,  When  America  ftiall  be  fo  well 
peopled,  civilized  and  divided  into  King- 
doms, they  are  like  to  have  fo  little  regard 
of  their  Originals,  as  to  acknowledge  no 
fubjedion  unto  them :  they  may  alfo  have 
a  diftind  commerce  between  themfelves, 
or  but  independently  with  thofe  of  Eu^ 
rope,  and  may  hoftilely  and  pyraticalJy 
aflault  them,  even  as  the  Greek  and  Ro* 
man  Colonies  after  a  long  time  dealt  with 
their  Original  Countries. 


When  Men  [hall  almofi  pafs  to  Venice  hj 

Landy 
Not  in  deep  Waters   lut  from  Sand  t(f 

Sand* 

'"  Hiatis,  When,  in  bngprocefeoftime,^ 
the  Silt  and  Sands  fl>all  fochoak  and  fliaf- 
iow  the  Sea  in  and  about  it.  And  this 
hath  corifiderably  come  to  pafs  withirt 
thefe  fcnirfcore  years ;  and  is  like  to  en- 

€reaf@* 


Trad  XII.    [ever al  Nations.  lyc 

creafe  from  feveral  caufes,  efpecially  by 
the  turning  of  the  River  Brenta^  as  the 
learned  Cafietii  hath  declared. 

When  Nova  Zembla  jhall  he  no  flay 
Zfnto  thofe  whv  pafs  to  or  from  Cathay. 

That  is.  When  ever  that  often  fought 
for  Northeaft  paflage  unto  China  and  ja- 
pan fhall  be  difcovered ;   the  hindrance 
vi^ hereof  was  imputed  to  Nova  Zemlla ; 
for  this  was  conceived  to  be  an  excurfion 
of  Land  fliooting  out  diredly,  and  fo  far 
Northward  into  the  Sea  that  it  difcoura- 
ged  from  all  Navigation  about  it.     And 
therefore  Adventurers  tbok  in  at  the  Sou- 
thern part  at  a  ftrait  by  Waygatz  next  the 
Tartarian  Shore:   and,   failing  forward 
they  found  that  Sea  frozen  and  full  of 
Ice,  and  fo  gave  over  the  attempt.     Bwt 
of  late  years,  by  the  diligent  enquiry  of 
fome  Mofcovites,   a  better  difcovery  is 
made  of  thefe  parts,  and  a  Map  or  Chart 
made  of  them.     Thereby  Nova  Zemhla  is 
found  to  be  no  Illand  extending  very  far 
Northward;  but,  winding  Eaftward,  it 
joineth  to  the  Tartarian  Continent,  and  fo 
makes  a  Peninfula :  and  the  Sea  between  it 
which  they  entred  at  Waygatz,  is  found  to 
be  but  a  large  Bay,  apt  to  be  frozen  by 

reafoa 


1^2  A  Prophecy,  &c     TraA  XIL 

reafon  of  the  great  River  ofOly,  and  other 
frefli  Waters,  entring  into  it :  whereas  the 
main  Sea  doth  not  freez  upon  the  North 
oi Zemila  except  near  unto  Shores;  fo 
that  if  the  Mofcovites  were  skilfull  Navi- 
gatours  they  might,  with  lefs  dijfBcuI- 
ties,  difcover  this  paflage  unto  China: 
but  however  the  Englifh,  Dutch  and  Danes 
are  now  like  to  attempt  it  again. 

But  this  is  Conjecture,  and  not  Prophe- 
cy: and  fo  (I  know)  you  will  take  it. 
I  am. 

Sir,  &c. 


TRACt 


(193' 
TRACT   XIII. 


MVS.EVM  CLAVSVM, 

O  R, 

Bihliothecd    Abfcondita  k    ' 

Containing 

Some  remarkable  Books,  Antiqui- 
ties,  Piiflures  and  Rarities  of 
feveral  kinds,  fcarce  or  h^ver  feen 
by  any  map  novv  living. 


Sir, 

WITH  ma[ny  thanks  I  ret^Yn  that 
noble  Catalogue  of  Books,  Rari- 
ties and  Singularities  of  x\rt  and  Nature, 
which  you  were  pleafcd  to  communicate 
unto  me.  There  are  many  Cplledions  of 
this  kind  in  Europe.  And,  befides  the  prin- 
ted accounts  of  tlie  Mufaum  AldrovanJi, 
O  Caked' 


ip4      Mufceiim  Claufum^  or,  Tradt  XIII. 

Calceolarianum,  Mofcardt  ^  Wormianum; 
the  Cafa  Ahhellita  at  Loretto,  and  Threafor 
of  S.  Dennis,  the  Repofitory  of  the  Duke  of 
Tujcany,  that  of  the  Duke  of  Saxony,  and 
that  noble  one  of  the  Emperour  at  Vienna, 
and  many  more  are  of  fingular  note.  Of 
what  in  this  kind  I  have  by  me  I  fhall 
make  no  repetition,  and  you  having  al- 
ready had  a  view  thereof,  I  am  bold  to 
ll)refent  you  with  the  Lift  of  a  CoUedion, 
whi^  I  may  juftly  fay  you  have  not  feen 
before. 

The  Title  is,  as  above, 

Mufaeum  Claufum,  or  Bihliotheca  Ahfcon- 
J  it  a  :  containing  fome  remarkable  Books, 
Antiquities,  Pictures  and  Rarities  offeve- 
ral  kinds,  fcarce  or  rkver  feen  hy  any  man 
now  living. 


I.  Rare  and  gerierally  unknown 
Books. 

*  Ah^udet  I.  A  Poem  of  Ovidius  Nafo,  written  in 
^ ('^^f  l\  the Getick  Language,  '^  during  his 
Ime  lI'  ^xiie  at  Tomos,  found  wrapt  up  in  Wax 
beUum.     at  Saharia,  on  the  Frontiers  of  Hungary^ 

where 


TradtXIII.  Bibliotheca  Ahfcondita.     1^5 

where  there  remains  a  tradition  that  he 
died,  in  his  return  towards  Rome  from 
Tomos,  either  alter  his  pardon  or  the  death 
oi  Augujius, 

2.  Thtl^^tttx oi Quintus Cicero,  which 
he  wrote  in  anfwer  to  that  of  his  Brother 
Marcus  Tullius,  defiring  of  him  an  account 
oi  Br  it  any,  w  herein  are  defer  ibed  the  Coun-  . 
try,  State  and  Manners  of  the  Britains  of 
that  Age. 

3.  An  Ancient  Brftilh  Herbal,  or  de* 
fcription  of  divers  Plants  of  this  Ifland,  ob- 
fervedby  that  famous  Vhyddz^nScrihonius 
Largusy  when  he  attended  the  Emperour 
Claudius  in  his  Expedition  into  Britany, 

4.  An  exaft  account  of  the  Life  and 
Death  oiAvicenna  confirming  the  account 
of  his  Death  by  taking  nine  Cly  Iters  toge- 
ther in  a  fit  of  the  Colick ;  and  not  as 
Marim  the  Italian  Poet  delivereth,  by  be- 
ing broken  upon  the  Wheel ;  left  with  o- 
thef  Pieces  by  Benjamin  Tudelenfis,  as  he 
travelled  from  Saragojfa  to  Jerufalem,  irf 
the  hands  of  Abraham  Jarchi,  a  famous 
Rabbi  oiLunet  near  Mont pe Her,  and  found 
in  a  Vault  when  the  Walls  of  that  City^ 
were  demoliftied  by  Lewis  the  ThirteedtL 

o  *  ^  A 


1^6      Mufdcum  Claufumy  ot,  Trad:  XIII. 

5'.  A  pundtual  relation  of  Hamilafs 
tnarch  out  of  Spain  into  Ita/y,  and  far  more 
particular  than  that  of  Livy,  where  about 
he  pafled  the  River  Rhodanus  or  Rhofne ; 
at  what  place  he  crofled  the  Ifura  or  L'zfe- 
re;  .when  he  marched  up  toward  the  con* 
fluence  of  the  Sone  and  th^  Rhone,  or  the 
place  where  the  City  Lyons  was  afterward 
built ;  how  wifely  he  decided  the  diffe- 
rence between  King  Brancus  and  his  Bro- 
ther, at  what  place  he  palled  th^Alpes, 
what  Vinegar  he  ufed,  and  where  he  obtai- 
ned fuch  quantity  to  break  and  calcine  the 
Rocks  made  hot  with  Fire. 

6.  A  learned  Comment  upon  the  Terip- 
lus  qH  Hanno  the  Carthaginian,  or  his  Na- 
vigation upon  the  Weftern  Coall  oi  Afri- 
€a^  with  the  feveral  places  he  landed  at^* 
what  Colonies  be  fettled,  what  Ships  were 
fcattered  from  his  Fleet  near  the^tquinoc- 
tial  Line,  which  were  not  afterward  heard 
of,  and  which  probably  fell  into  the  Trade 
Winds,  and  wxre  carried  over  into  the 
Coaft  of  America, 

7.  A  particular  Narration  of  that  fa- 
mous Expedition  of  the  Englifli  into  Bar  ha" 
rj  in  the  ninety  fourth  year  of  the  Hegira, 
fo  fliortly  touched  by  Leo  Africanus,  whi- 
ther 


TradXIII.  Bibliotheca  Abfcondita.  i^j 
ther  called  by  the  Goths  they  befieged, 
took  and  burnt  the  City  di  Arzilla  pollef- 
fed  by  the  Mahometans,  and  lately  the 
feat  oiGaylanJ;  with  many  other  exploits 
delivered  at  large  in  Arabick,  loft  in  the 
Ship  of  Books  and  Rarities  which  the  King 
of  Spain  took  from  Siddy  Hamet  King  of 
Fez,  whereof  a  great  part  were  carried  in- 
to the  Efcurial,  and  conceived  to  be  ga- 
thered out  of  the  relations  of  Hihnu  Na- 
chu,  the  beft  Hiftoriftn  of  the  African  Af- 
fairs. 

8.  A  Fragment  oiPythaasthu  ancient 
Traveller  ot  Marfeille ;  which  we  fufped; 
not  to  be  fpuriou^,  becaufe,  in  the  defcrip- 
tion  of  the  Northern  Countries,  we  find 

.  that  paflage  ofPythieas  mentioned  by  Stra- 
lo,  that  all  the  Air  beyond  Thule  is  thick, 
condenfed  and  gellied,  looking  juft  like 
Sea  Lungs. 

9.  A  Suh  Marine  Herbal,  defcribing 
the  feveral  Vegetables  found  on  the  Rocks, 
Hills,  Valleys,  Meadows  at  the  bottom  of 
the  Sea,  with  many  forts  of -^/^^,  Fucus^ 
QuercuSi  Polygonum,  Gramens  and  others 
not  yet  defcribed. 

10.  Some  Manufcripts  and  Rarities 
brought  from  the  Libraries  oij^thiopia, 

O3  by 


j^S      Mufc:e7wi  Claufum,  or,  Trad  XIII. 

by  Zaga  Zalay  and  afterward  tranfported 
to  Rome,  and  fcattered  by  the  Souldiers  of 
the  Duke  diBourhon,  when  they  barbarouf- 
ly  facked  that  City. 

■t  IT.  Some  Pieces   of  J  dim  Scaliger, 

which  he  complains  to  have  been  ftoln 
from  him,  fold  to  the  Biiliop  o{ Mende  m 
Languedock,  and  afterward  taken  away 
and  lold  in  the  Civil  Wars  under  the  Duke 
oi  Rohan,  • 

IX.  A  Comment  oPDiofcoriJes  upon 
Hyppocrates,  procured  from  Conftantinople 
hy  AmatusLujitanus,  and  left  in  the  hands 
of  a  Jew  of  Ragufa, 

13.  Marcus  Tullius  Ckero  his  Geogra- 
phy ;  as  alfo  a  part  of  that  magnified  Piece 
of'his  De  Repullica,  very  little  anfwering 
the  great  expeftation  of  it,  and  fliort  of 
Pieces  under  the  fame  name  hy  Bodinus  and 
Tholofanus. 

14.  King  Mithridates  his  Ofteirocritka. 
Ariftotle  de  Precationilus. 
Democritus  de  his  qua  fiunt  apud  Or^ 

cum,  &  Oceani  circumnavigation 

Epicurus  de  Pietate. 

A  Tragedy  of  Thyeftes,  and  another  of 
Medea,  writ  by  Diogenes  the  Cynick. 

King 


Trad  XIII.  Bibliotheca  Abfco7idita.      i  p^ 

King  Alfred  upon  Arifiotle  de  Plant  is, 

Seneca  s  Epiilles  to  S.  PauL 

KingSolomon  de  Vmhris  Idee  arum,  which 
Chicus  Afculanus,  in  his  Comment  upon 
Johannes  de  Sacrohofco,  would  make  us 
believe  he  faw  in  the  Library  of  the  Duke 
oi  Bavaria, 

15'.  Artemidori  Oneirocritici  Geogra- 
phia. 

Pytkagoras  de  Mari  Ruhro. 

The  Works  of  Confutius  the  famous 
Phiiofopher  oi  China,  tranflated  into  Spa- 
nifh. 

16.  Jofephus  in  Hebrew,  written  by 
himfelf. 

17.  The  ConMnentaries  of  SySa  the 
Didatour. 

18.  A  Commentary  o^  Galen  upon  the 
VhgMQdi  Athens  defcribed  by  Thucydides. 

19.  Dm  Caefaris  Anti-Catones,  or  the 
two  notable  Books  writ  by  Julius  Ctefar 
againHCato ;  mentioned  by  Livj,  Salufl'ius 
and  Juvenal ;  which  the  Cardin  al  of  Liege 
told  Ludovicus  Fives  were  in  an  old  Li- 
brary of  that  City. 

O  4  Maz' 


200      Muf^eum  Claufum,  or,  TradXlII, 

Mazhapha  Einok,  or,  the  Prophecy  of 
Enoch,  which  /Egid'tm  Lochienfisy  a  lear- 
ned Eaftern  Traveller,  to\A  Peirejchius 
that  he  had  found  in  an  old  Library  at 
Alexandria  containing  eight  thoufand  Vo^ 
lumes. 

20.  A  Collecftion  of  Hebrew  Epiftles, 
which  pafled  between  the  two  learned 
Women  of  our  age  Maria  Molinea  of  Se- 
dan,  and  Maria  Schurman  of  Vtrecht. 

A  wondrous  Colleftion  of  fome  Wri- 
tings of  Ludovica  Saracenica,  Daughter  of 
ThilihertHS  Saracenicus  a  Phyfician  of  Z^- 
ons,  who  at  eight  years  of  age  had  made 
a  good  progrefsin  the  Hebrew,  Greek  and 
Latin  Tongues. 


?.  Rarities  in  Figures. 

I.  A  Pifture  of  the  three  remarkable 
'  ±\  Steeples  or  Towers  in  Europe  built 
purpofely  awry  and  fo  as  they  feem  falling! 
Torre  Pifana  at  Pifa,  Torre  Garifenda  ill 
Bononia,  atid  that  other  in  the  City  of  O- 
kin,       •      '    '  •    ■  ■  ■       .■ 

X.  A 


Trad  XIIL  Bihliotheca  Abfcondita.      2  o  i 

2.  A  Draught  of  all  forts  of  Siftrums, 
Crotaloes ,  Cymbals ,  Tympans,  ^c.  in 
ufe  among  the  Ancients. 

3.  Large  Sulmarine  Pieces^  well  deli- 
neating the  bottom  of  the  Mediterrane- 
an Sea,  the  Prerie  or  large  Sea-meadow 
upon  the  Coaft  o{ Provence,  the  Coral  Fi- 
fliing,  the  gathering  of  Sponges,  the  Moun- 
tains, Valleys  and  Defarts,  the  Subterra-^ 
neous  Vents  and  Paflages  at  the  bottom 
of  that  Sea.  Together  with  a  lively  Draught 
of  Cola  Pefce,  or  the  famous  Sicilian  Swim^ 
mer,  diving  into  the  Forages  and  broken 
Rocks  by  Chary hJis,  to  fetch  up  the  gol- 
den Cup,  which  Frederick,  King  ofSk/lj, 
had  purpofely  thrown  into  that  Sea. 

4.  A  Moon  Piece,  deferibing  that  no- 
table Battel  between  Axalla,  General  of 
Tamerlane,  and  Car/iares  the  Perfian,  fought 
by  the  light  of  the  Moon. 

5-.  Another  remarkable  Fight  oflnghm^  ' 
mi  the  Florentine  with  the  Turkifh Galleys 
by  Moon-light,  who  being  for  three  hours 
grappled  with  the  Bajha  Galley,  conclu- 
ded with  a  fignal  Vidory. 

6.  Ade^ 


202      MiifdeumClaufum^  or^  Trad:XIIL 

6.  A  delineation  of  the  great  Fair  of 
Almachara  in  Arabia,  which,  to  avoid  the 
great  heat  of  the  Sun,  is  kept  in  the  Night, 
and  by  the  light  of  the  Moon. 

7.  A  Snow  Piece,  of  Land  and  Trees 
covered  with  Snow  and  Ice,  and  Moun- 
tains of  Ice  floating  in  the  Sea,  with  Bears, 
Seals,  Foxes,  and  variety  of  rare  Fowls  up- 
on them. 

8.  An  Ice  Piece  defcribing  the  notable 
Battel  between  the  Jaziges  and  the  Ro- 
mans, fought  upon  the  frozen  Danuhius, 
the  Romans  fettling  one  foot  upon  their 
Targets  to  hinder  them  from  flipping, 
their  fighting  with  the  Jaziges  when  they 
were  fallen,  and  their  advantages  therein 
by  their  art  in  volutation  and  rolling  con- 
tention or  wraftling,  according  to  the  de- 
fcription  of  Dion. 

9.  Soda,  or  a  Draught  of  three  perfons 
notably  refembling  each  other.  Of  King 
Henry  the  Fourth  of  France,  and  a  Miller 
of  Languedock ;  of  Sforza  Duke  of  Milain 
and  a  Souldier  ;  of  Malalefta  Duke  of  Rt- 
tnini  and  Marchefinm  the  Jefter, 

10.  A 


Trad  XIII.  Bibliotheca  Ahfcondita.      205 

10.  A  Pifture  of  the  great  Fire  which 
happened  at  Cofjjtantinople  in  the  Reign  of 
Sultan  Achmet.  The  Janizaries  in  the 
mean  time  plundring  the  befl:  Houfes, 
Nafa  Bafa  the  Vizier  riding  about  with  a 
Cimetre  in  one  hand  and  a  Janizary's  Head 
in  the  other  to  deter  them;  and  the 
Priefts  attempting  to  quench  the  Fire,  by- 
pieces  oi  Mahomet's  Shirt  dipped  in  holy 
Water  and  thrown  into  it. 

1 1.  A  Night  Piece  of  the  difmal  Supper 
and  ftrange  Entertain  of  the  Senatours  by 
Domit'ian,  according  to  the  defcription  of 
Dion. 

12.  A  Veftal  Sinner  in  the  Cave  with  a 
Table  and  a  Candle. 

13.  An  Elephant  dancing  upon  the 
Ropes  with  a  Negro  Dwarf  upon  his 
Baet 

14.  Another  defcribing  the  mighty 
Stone  falling  from  the  Clouds  into  ^go^ 
fpotamos  or  the  Goats  River  in  Gnece^ 

which  Antiquity  could  believe  that  Anaxa- 
goras  w^  able  to  foretell  half  a  year  be- 
tore, 

15-.  Three 


20^      Mufc^um  Claiifi/m,  OY,  Trad XIII. 

1 5.  Three  noble  Pieces ;  o{ VercingetO" 
nx  the  Gaul  fubmitting  his  perfon  unto 
Julius  Cafar ;  of  7^/granes  King  of  Arme-^ 
nia  hunibly  prefenting  himfelf  unto  Pom- 
pey;  and  oil amer lane  afcending  his  Horfe 
from  the  Neck  oiBajazet, 

1 6.  Draughts  of  three  paflionate  Looks  ; 
of  Thyeftes  when  he  was  told  at  the  Table 
that  he  had  eaten  a  piece  of  his  own  Son ; 
of  Bajazet  when  he  went  into  the  Iron 
Cage ;  of  Oedipiu  when  he  firft  came  to 
know  that  he  had  killed  his  Father,  and 
married  his  own  Mother. 

17.  Of  the  Gymbrian  Mother  mPlu" 
tarch  who,  after  the  overthrow  by  Marius, 
hanged  her  felf  and  her  two  Children  at 
her  feet. 

18.  Some  Pieces  delineating  fmgular 
inhumanities  in  Tortures.  The  Scaphif^ 
ntus  of  the  Perfians.  The  living  trunca- 
tion of  the  Turks.  The  hanging  Sport 
at  the  Feafts  of  the  Thracians.  The  exadt 
method  of  flaying  men  alive,  beginning 
between  the  Shoulders,  according  to  the 
cjefcription  of  Thomoi  Mlnadoi,  in  his  Per- 
fian  War.  Together  with  the  ftudied  tor- 
tures of  the  French  Traitours  at  fappa  in 

Hun-^ 


Trad  XIII  Bibliotheca  Abfcondita.  205 
Hungaria :  as  alfo  the  wild  and  enormous 
torment  invented  by  Tiberius,  defigned 
according  unto  the  defcription  of  Suetoni- 
us.  Excogttaverunt  inter  genera  cruciatus, 
ut  largci  meri  potione  per  fallaciam  aneratos 
repent e  veretris  deligatis  fidicularum  fimul 
urinceque  tormento  diflenderet, 

1 9 .  A  Pifture  defcribing  how  Hannihd 
forced  his  pafFage  over  the  River  Rhofne 
with  his  Elephants,  Baggage  and  mixed 
Army ;  with  the  Army  of  the  Gauls  op- 
pofing  him  on  the  contrary  Shore,  and 
Hanno  parting  over  with  his  Horfe  much 
above  to  fall  upon  the  Rere  of  the  Gauls. 

io.  A  neat  Piece  defcribing  the  Sack  of 
Fundi  by  the  Fleet  and  Souldiers  oiBarha* 
roffa  the  Turkifli  Admiral,  the  confufion 
of  the  people  and  their  flying  up  to  the 
Mountains,  and  Julia  Gonzaga  the  beauty 
oiltaly  flying  away  with  her  Ladies  half 
naked  on  Horfeback  over  the  Hills. 

21.  A  noble  Head  oHFrancifcus  Gonza- 
ga,  who,  being  imprifoned  for  Treafon>, 
grew  grey  in  one  night,  with  this  Infcrip- 
tion, 

O  no  Pi  pam  longa  e(i  qu^  facit  mafenerrt, 

^^'  A 


2o6      Mufdeum  Claufum^  or.  Trad:  XIIL 

XX.  A  large  PicSture  defcribing  the  Siege 
oiViennahj Solyman  the  Magnificent,  and 
at  the  fame  time  the  Siege  of  Florence  by 
the  Emperour  Charles  the  Fifth  and  Pope 
Clement  the  Seventh, with  this  Subfcription, 

Turn  vacui  capitis  populum  Phxaca  put  ares  ? 

2"}.  An  exquifite  Piece  properly  delinea- 
ting tlie  firft  courfe  of  Metellus  his  Ponti- 
ficial  Supper,  according  to  the  defcription 
oi  Macrohius ',  together  with  a  Dilh  of 
Tifces  FofftleSy  garnilhed  about  with  the 
little  Eels  taken  out  of  the  backs  of  Cods 
and  Perches ;  as  alfo  with  the  Shell  Fifhes 
found  in  Stones  about  Ancona. 

24.  A  Pifture  of  the  noble  Entertain 
and  Feaft  of  the  Duke  of  Chaufue  at  the 
Treaty  of  ColJen,  1673.  ^'h^n  in  a  very 
large  Room,  with  all  the  Windows  open, 
and  at  a  very  large  Table  he  fate  himfelf^ 
with  many  great  perfons  and  Ladies ; 
next  about  the  Table  flood  a  row'  of  Wai- 
t2rs,  then  a  row  of  Muficians,  then  a  row 
of  Musketiers. 

25".  Miltiades,  who  overthrew  the  Per- 
fians  at  the  Battel  of  Mar^ttmn  and  delive- 
red Gre^i:^,  lookingoutof  a  Priila  Grate 

in 


Trad  XIIL  Bibliotheca  Ahfcondita.      207 

in  Athens,  wherein  he  died,  with  this  In- 
fcription, 

(quam^ 
Non  hoc  terrihiles  Cymhri  non  Britones  un- 
Sauromatave  truces  aut  immanes  Agathyrfi, 

2(5.  A  fair  Englifti  Lady  drawn  Al  Ne- 
gro, or  in  the  ^Ethiopian  hue  excelling  the 
original  White  and  Red  Beauty,  with  this 
Subfcription, 

Sed  qmndam  volo  notle  Nigriorem. 

27.  Pieces  and  Draughts  mCarkatura, 
of  Princes,  Cardinals  and  famous  men ; 
wherein,  among  others,  the  Painter  hath 
fingularly  hit  the  fignatures  of  a  Lion  and 
a  Fox  in  the  face  of  Pope  Leo  the  Tenth. 

28.  Some  Pieces  A  la  ventura,  or  Rare 
Chance  Pieces,  either  drawn  at  random,  / 
and  happening  to  be  like  fome  perfon,  or 
drawn  tor  fome  and  happening  to  be  more 

like  another;  while  the  Face,  miftaken 
by  the  Painter,  proves  a  tolerable  Pifture 
of  one  he  never  faw. 

29.  A  Draught  of  famous  Dwarfs  with 
this  Infcription, 

NosfacmusBrutipuerum  nos  Lagpna  vivum. 

30.  An 


2o8      Mufceum  Claufum^  &c.  Ttadl  XIII. 

30.  An  exka  and  proper  delineation  of 
all  forts  of  Dogs  upon  occafion  of  the 
pradice  oi Sultan  Achmet ;  who  in  a  great 
Plague  at  Conflantinople  tranfported  all  the 
Dogs  therein  unto  Vera,  and  from  thence 
into  a  little  Ifland,  where  they  periflied  at 
laft  by  Famine :  as  alfo  the  manner  of  the 
Priefts  curing  of  mad  Dogs  by  burning 
them  in  the  forehead  with  Saint  Belling 
Key. 

3 1 .  A  noble  Pidkire  of  thortfmufid  King 
of  the  Goths  as  he  was  killed  in  his  Palace 
at  Tholouze,  who  being  let  bloud  by  a 
Surgeon,  while  he  was  bleeding,  a  (lander 
by  took  the  advantage  to  (lab  him. 

3  z .  A  Pifture  of  rare  Fruits  with  this  In- 
fcription. 

Credere  quae  pofis  furrepta  fororihus  Afrzs. 

.33.  An  handfome  Piece  of  Deformity 
exprefled  in  a  notable  hard  Face,  with  this  . 
Infcription^ 


Or  a 


^Julius  in  Satyr  is  qualia  Rufus  halet. 

34-  A 


Trad  XIIl  Bibliotheca  Abfcondita.     20^ 

34.  A  noble  Pidrure  of  the  famous  Du- 
el between  Paul  Mdneffi  and  Caragufa  the 
Turk  in  the  time  of  Amur  at  h  the  Second ; 
the  Turkifti  Army  and  that  ci  Scanderieg 
looking  on ;  wherein  Manefifk^  the  Turk, 
cut  off  his  Head  and  carried  away  the 
Spoils  of  his  Body. 


3.  Antiquities  and  Rarities  of 
jeveral  forts. 

I.  /'^Ertain  ancient  Medals  with  Greek 
V-^  and  Roman  Infcriptions ,  found 
about  Crim  Tartary ;  conceived  to  be  left 
in  thofe  parts  by  the  Souldiers  of  Mithri^ 
dates ^  when  overcome  by  F(?w/^y,  he  mar- 
ched round  about  the  North  of  the  Euxine 
to  come  about  into  Thracta. 

2r.  Some  ancient  Ivory  and  Copper 
Crofles  found  with  many  others  in  China ; 
conceived  to  have  been  brought  and  left 
there  by  the  Greek  Souldiers  whoferved 
under  Tamerlane  in  his  Expedition  and 
Conqueft  of  that  Country. 

P  3.  Stones 


2IO     Muf^um  Claufunh  or,  Tra(5l  XIIL 

3.  Stones  of  (Irange  and  illegible  In- 
fcriptions,  found  about  the  great  ruines 
which  Vincent  le  Blanc  defcribeth  about 
Cephala  in  Africa ,  where  he  opinion  d  that 
the  Hebrews  raifed  fome  Buldings  of  old, 
and  that  Solomon  brought  from  thereabout 
a  good  part  of  his  Gold. 

4.  Some  handfomeEngraveries  and  Me- 
dals, of  Jujlinus  and  Jufiinianus^  found  in 
the  cuftody  of  a  Bannyan  in  the  remote 
parts  of  India,  conjeftured  to  have  been 
left  there  by  the  Friers  mentioned  in  Pro- 
copius,  who  travelled  thofe  parts  in  the 
Reign  of  Jujiinianus ,  and  brought  back 
into  Europe  the  difcovery  of  Silk  and 
Silk  Worms. 

5.  An  original  Medal  of  Petrus  Areti* 
fius,  who  was  called  Flagellum  Principum, 
wherein  he  made  his  own  Figure  on  the 
Obverfe  part  with  this  Infcription, 

//  Divine  Aretino. 

On  the  Reverfe  fitting  on  a  Throne,  and 
at  his  Feet  Ambafladours  of  Kings  and  Prin- 
ces bringing  prefents  unto  him,  with  this 
Infcription, 

tPrincipi  trilutati  da  iPopoli  trilutano 
il  Servitor  loro^ 

6.  Mum^ 


Trad  XIII.  Bibliotheca  Abfcondita. 

6.  Mummta  Tholofana ;  or.  The  com- 
plete Head  and  Body  of  Father  Ca-//^/;?, 
buried  long  ago  in  the  Vault  of  the  Cor- 
deliers at  Tholoufe,  where  the  Skins  of  the 
dead  fo  drie  and  parch  up  without  corrup- 
ting that  their  perfons  may  be  known  very 
long  after,  with  this  Infcription, 

Ecce  iterum  Crifpims* 

7.  A  noble  Quandros  or  Stone  taken  out 
of  a  Vulture's  Head. 

8.  A  large  OJlridges  Egg,  whereon  is 
neatly  and  fully  wrought  that  famous  Bat- 
tel of  Alcazar,  in  which  three  Kings  loft 
their  lives. 

9.  An  EtiuJros  Alhertt  or  Stone  that  is 
apt  to  be  always  moid :  ufefuU  unto  drie 
tempers,  and  to  be  held  in  the  hand  in 
Fevers  inftead  of  Cryftal,  Eggs,  Limmons^ 
Cucumbers. 

10.  A  fmall  Viol  of  Water  taken  out 
of  the  Stones  therefore  called  EnhyJri^ 
which  naturally  include  a  little  Water  in 
them,  in  like  manner  as  the  JStites  or 
Aegle  Stone  doth  another  Stone, 

P  %  ii»  A 


211 


j2 1 2      MufcJ^um  Claii[unh  or,  Trad  XIIL 

II.  A  neat  painted  and  gilded  Cup 
made  out  of  the  Confiti  d't  Tivoli  and  for- 
med up  with  powder'd  Egg-lhells ;  as  Ne- 
ro is  conceived  to  have  made  his  F//r/;?^ 
adm'trahilis ,  Angular  againft  Fluxes  to 
drink  often  therein. 

IX.  The  Skin  of  a  Snake  bred  out  of 
the  Spinal  Marrow  of  a  Man. 

13.  Vegetable  Horns  mentioned  by 
Ltnjchoten,  which  fet  in  the  ground  grow 
up  Uke  Plants  about  Go^. 

14.  An  extraft  of  the  Inck  of  Cuttle 
Fiflies  reviving  the  old  remedy  of  Hippo^ 
cratts  in  Hyfterical  Paffions. 

1 5.  Spirits  and  Salt  of  Sargaffo  made  in 
the  Weftern  Ocean  covered  with  that  Ve- 
getable ;  excellent  againft  the  Scurvy. 

16.  An  eyxr^di  of  CachufjJe  or  Lilera}?s 
that  famous  and  highly  magnified  Com- 
pofition  in  the  Eaft  Indies  againft  Melan- 
choly. 

17.  Diarhizpnmirificum;  oranunparal- 
lel'd  Compofition  of  the  moft  efleftual 
and  wonderful!  Roots  in  Nature, 

Ik  Rad. 


Trad:  XIII.  Bihliotheca  Abfcondita.     21 3 
R  Rad.  Butuce  Cuamenfis, 

Rad,  Monkhe  Cuamenfis, 

Rad,  Mongus  Bazainenfis, 

Rad.  Cajei  Baizanenfis, 

Rad.  Columhi^  Mozamhiguenfis, 

Gim  Sem  Sinicce. 

Fo  Lim  lac  Tigridis  difice^ 

Fofeu 

Cort,  Rad.  Soldie. 

Rad.  Ligni  Solorani. 

Rad.  Malacenfis   madrededios  diHce 
an.  §ij. 
M.  fiat  fulvis,  qui  cum  gelatin^  Cornu 
cervi  Mofchati  Ch'tnenfis  jormetur  in  majfas 
oviformes.  ^ 

18.  A  tranfcendent  Perfume  made  of 
the  richeft  Odorates  of  both  the  Indies, 
kept  in  a  Box  made  of  the  Muschie  Stone 
of  Niarienhurgy  with  this  Infer ipt ion. 


Deos  rogato 

Totum  ut  te  facianty  Fahulk,  Najum, 

19.  KCleffelcea,  or  Oil  Hour-glafs,  as 
the  Ancients  ufed  thofe  of  Water. 

20.  A  Ring  found  in  a  Fiflies  Belly  ta- 
ken about  Gorro ;  conceived  to  te  the  fame 
wherewith  the  Duke  of  Venice  had  wed- 
ded the  Sea. 

P  3  xr    A 


Mufceum  Claufuvi,  or,    Trad  IIL 

21.  A  neat  Crucifix  made  out  of  the 
crofs  Bone  of  a  Frogs  Head. 

21.  A  large  Agath  containing  a  various 
and  carelefs  Figure,  which  looked  upon 
by  a  Cylinder  reprefenteth  a  perfed:  Cen- 
taur. By  lome  fuch  advantages  King  Pyr- 
thus  might  find  out  Apollo  and  the  nine 
Mufes  in  thofe  Agaths  of  his  whereof /^/z- 
tiy  maketh  mention. 

23.  Batrachomyomachia,  or  the  Home- 
rican. Battel  between  Frogs  and  Mice,  neat- 
ly defcribed  upon  the  Chizel  Bone  of  a 
large  Pike's  Jaw. 

24.  Tyxis  Pandora ,  or  a  Box  which 
held  the  Vnguentum  Peftiferum,  which  by 
anointing  the  Garments  of  feveral  perfons 
begat  the  great  and  horrible  Plague  oi  Mi- 
I  an. 

25.  A  Glafs  of  Spirits  made  of  Ethere- 
al Salt,  Hermetically  fealed  up,  kept  con- 
tinually in  Quick' filver;  of  fo  volatile  a 
nature  that  it  will  fcarce  endure  the  Light, 
and  therefore  onely  to  be  fliown  in  Win- 
ter, or  by  the  light  of  a  Carbiuncle,  or 
Bononian  Stone. 


He 


Tra6t  XIIL  Bibliotheca  Ahfcondita.     2 1 5 

He  who  knows  where  all  this  Treafure 
now  is,  is  a  great  Apollo,  Vm  fure  I  am 
not  He.    However,  I  am. 

Sir,  Tours,  &CC, 


P  4    .        AN 


A  N 

ALPHABETICAL 

INDEX 


A  Balncky  187: 

Bzrlmn-Down.     One  of  the 

r  A  Gdth,  214.         Tumuli  oj^ened  there,  i  ^5-. 

jLlL  Alfvtd's  Bpifiiesyip9»    Barklow-H//// :  a  Turn,  ope- 

' Almond-Tree y  31.  ned  there,  i<^s,\^6, 

America,  189,190.    Barchochebas,  3, 

h'^Wos  anfvpers  ?o  Croefus,     Batavia,  Old  and  New,   188. 

16%,  &c,    Balquenfa-7«>;7g//^,         135. 

to  AttaluS  and  Cypfe-     Bay-Tree,  67. 

lus,  171.    iJ^^z/^^^/Pyrrhus,  65-. 

^;^i^,  -without  Mafts,  5'.  Blacks,  187. 

Ar'liiot  de  Precat.  198.  iroom-rape,  59. 

Artemidorus/  199. 

Aft^onomical  Hints  in  the  Bible,  '  C 

AvicennaV  ^^z?^/?,         1 9  5-,    /^  Achunde,  21 2.' 

V-/  J.  Caelar  agdnft  Cato, 
B  199, 

C^^^r^  of  Libanus,  ^3. 

BArlej^harvefi  In  iEgypt,     Cephala.     Jnfiripions   there, 
52.  209,210. 

-^<*^w,  .  49.     Chlrurgioris  Art  in  the  forming 

fialfam-oU^  1 5,         Eve,  3. 

China- 


China,  185?, 

^•^North'Eafi  faffage  to  it, 

191,  Ip2. 

Q; Cicero'.f  Letter ,         19s* 
M.  Cicero'/  Geogr.        1 58. 

Cicada:  nvhaty  108. 


An  Alphabetical  Index. 


Democritus,  i^. 

Diarhizon  mirificum,   212J 

213. 
Diogenes,CyaThyeftes,d-r. 

198. 
Diofcorides  on  Hippocrates, 

198. 


Coldy    at  S.  Peter'/  denial:     Dread Smjereignr,  its figmfica- 
how,  71.         tlon,  I45>,  ijo. 

Coc^e.  88. 

Corrh-BarSj  23.  E 

Confujion  of  Tongues,  1 30,1 3 1, 
Confutius'j  fVorks,  1 99. 

Croffes  in  China.      -   ^    209. 

Croefiis  X/»^  0/  Lydia,  how 
mfwered     at     Delphos , 


NEW-England,  1 84. 

Englijh^  their  Expedi- 
tion into  Barbary,     196, 


FAlconry,  ancient  and  mo- 
dern^ III,  &C. 


■  \67^&c,     Enodl s  Prophefa. 

— 'Us  Sons  firfi  Speech,    Etiudros  Alberti, 

174- 
Crucifix,  213.  F 

Cue  umbers^  1 4. 

Cummin,  22. 

Cup,  a  renfarkable  one,     211, 

212, 
Cymbals  5     tinkling    Cymbal, 

121. 
Cyprefs,  9. 

Cypfelus,    how  anfwered  by 

Apollo.  171. 

CyniS,  the  Oracle  concerning 
him,  17^3  "^71* 


^97' 

200, 
211. 


D 


D 

Anijh'Tongue, 
Darnel, 


146. 
84,  S^. 


its  Terms,  whence,  1 1 6, 

Famine  in  Mgy^t,  42. 

Fitches,  *  ^  j , 

Firr-Tree.  48, 

Figg-Tree,  68, 

Fijhes  of  the  Sea  0/ Tiberias, 

97,  &c. 

Fifh  caltd  Faber  Marinus, 

99->  ICO. 
Fifh  that  affrighted  JC  TlieO- 

dorick,  190. 

Flax,  ^2. 

Forbidden  Fruit,  1 4. 

Galen, 


An  Alphabetical  Index. 

Hemlock^y 


GAlen,  199' 

Garlicky  and  Onions ^  1 4. 
Garlands  and  Gariand-PiantSy 
S9y&c, 
Chofts  confuted   on  frivolous 
occafionsy  17^  • 

Graces  of  tSA\o\y  10. 

Granaries^  43. 

Grafs '^  the  Sheaves  of  ity    57.     TAmaica, 


Hehrew-Tonguey  131, 

Hour-glafs  with  Oily  213. 

Homer'/   Battel  of  Froggs^ 

Hugo  de  Bones.  147, 

Husks  of  the  Prodigal,  1 3. 

Hjmn  Turkifhy  i  zy 


J 


Gracculus,  what  Bird,    107, 
Gradual  Verfes\  1 2  J,  ^r. 

Green-Fieldy  2)5* 

H 

HAnnibal*/  w^rr A  into  I- 
taly,  19^- 

Hanno'/  Periplus,  a  Comment 

on  ity  196, 

Halec,  TvhatFifhy  104. 

Halcyon,  w/?^^  Bird,     1 07. 

//^ji?4r  ^^^  Hawking,  1 1  l^e^r. 

' — "their  Diet y  112, 

—their  Phyfakj        1 1 2, 

1 1  3,  e^^. 


J 


lda-yJ/o//»/,  its  PlantSy  80, 
61. 

83,15^. 


Ilex  Coccigera, 

Jnk^of  Cuttle-fifhy 

Jordan, ' 
Jofephus, 

Irifh-Tonguey 


K 


K 


Ikaion, 


Adder Sy  their  fignification 


m  Dreams^ 


LanguageSy 


\^9y&c^ 


*—  their  Flight Sy  1 1 6, 1 1 8 .     Language  of  the  feoj^le  found  in 


Herbal  Submariney  1 97, 

Herbs  at  bottom  ufRedSeay  &C. 

35^3^. 
Herbs  eaten  at  the  Pajfover,     Lilies 

81. 
Herbal  Britifh^  ic^j. 


a  certain  Place  in  Spain,  by 
BukedihlVciy  1^6. 

Languedoc,  147, 148. 


Loadjtone  y    not  mentioned  in 
Scripture,  4/. 


Madrid, 


An  Alphabetical  Index. 


M 


MAdrid,  i8(^. 

Mazorites,  133. 

Medals y  zop,  210. 

Milium,  22. 

JHodefl  and  immodefi  forms  of 
fieakingy  17^. 

Monnts    and   Hills  artificial^ 

Mithridatis  Oneirocrit.     198. 

Afanufcri^ts     from     ^dlio- 

pia,  CT-r.  197, 1  p8. 

Mufea.  Mufeum  Qaufum, 

Mugil,  rphaty  104. 

Aiufi-ard'feed,  27. 

MummiaTholofana,2xo,ni . 
Myrica,  9.. 

Mjrtle^  81. 

N 

Norfolk,  0^^  mrds  in  ufe 
there y  whence y        1^6, 
Nyfus,  what,  108. 

Nyfticorax,  what,        108. 

O 

OatSy  23, 

Olive- Leafy  16, 

Olive-Tree,  in  RoiXl.  II.     45^. 
t^r^c/^f/j^PelphoS,    \67j&c. 


• —  its  anfwer  about  thcBones 

e/Oreftes,        175-. 

— its  obfcurityy  175-,  17 5. 
Oracles y  why  in  Verfe,  1  yy, 
Oftriches  Eggy  211. 

OvidV  Getick^  Poemy       1 5)4, 


PAlm-TreCy  7%. 

Paliurus,  8. 

Perfumey  11,213, 

Petrarch,  148. 

Figures,      Rarities    in    Pic- 
ture y  8cc,         200,  &c,  to 
209. 

Pomegranate,  34. 

Plants  in  holy  Scripture  1,  to 

88. 

• Scripture  difirihution  of 

Plant Sy  6%, 

Phyjlognomy.  Face  ^luadran- 
gulky  &C,  5",  6. 

Pro^hejiey^^  feigned  one  by  the 
Authop(ry  181^182,183. 
Its  Expofitiony  1 84,e7-r. 

Prepuces  of  Frkity  ^4. 

Pyramidfy  45-. 

Pyth^3(s'j  Fra^m,       1^7- 

Pytha|.  de  Mari  rubrOy  i  ^^. 

Pyxi^  Pandora,  214- 

A     ^androsy  air. 

Jieeds 


R 


Eeds 
Rie, 


An  Alphabetical  Index. 

Sea,  deady 
R  Sodom,  wheriy 

Spain, 

824     Sfaniih-Tonguey 

22,  ^4,  s6.    Lud.  Saracenica, 


1 54,  d-^, 
18^. 

2QO, 


i?/;7g,  o;?^  /(?//«/i  j;7  a  Fijhy  213.  Showre  faid  to  be  fent  hy  Apol- 

Kods  of  l2SJ<h',                    18.  lo,                                 172, 

Rod  of  Aaron,                3  o-  A.  M.  Schurman,         200.' 

Roman-Tongue y                 137.  Sylla  Z>/^.                       ipp, 

RopalkiFerfes,         JZ'^^&c.  Storey                              '48. 

iJo/tf/  of  iEgypt  W  Rome,  StM/e  of  Mgf^t,  very  {hffrty 


7?o/^o/ Jericho, 

33- 

Rubus, 

8. 

Rnmi^  of  the  Sacrificey 

s 

Q^/f  o/Sargaflb, 

0  tetheriaiy 

79' 

212. 

21^. 

Saxon-Tongue,  134,1 

38,^-^. 

Samaritans  Oil, 

.  I^ 

Seedy  Increafe  of  it. 

3^. 

Shekels  of  Jerufalem, 

32. 

Shittah'Treey 

10. 

Sheepy  havp  fruitfully 

79, 80. 

SnakeS'Skiny 

212. 

Sycomorey 
Scythian-Tongue, 


24. 

3^. 
137- 


TArtars  invading  China^ 
i8p. 
TinEiurey  Scarlety  60, 

Troas,   wherey  and  vphat  its 
privileges y  1 5 1 ,  1 6-^ 

Trees   not    exp-efly   nam^d  ift 
Scripurey  2>i, 

Trees  nanid  by  the  Elders  who 

accused  Sufennah,        6-^, 

Turpentine  Tree,  3^. 

Stones  in  PidXOXisBreafi'j^latey     "Xwmv^  of  Romans y    Saxons, 

4.         Danesy        1^1,1^2,1^3. 
Stones  calldhrmyan.      211.  hovp  to  know  the  nature 

Solomon  de  Umbris,  ^r.  cfthemy    15-3, 1^4^ 

199. 
Seneca  J  EfiJ^ks  to  S^  Paul,  U 

199. 
Jo.  Scaliger-7  fome  peces  of   TTPupa,  lo^; 

his  fldn  away,  19%.      wl 

Venice, 


An  Alphabetical  Index, 

V  w 

TTEnice,  ipo.    \TTEicl^'rongue,i^^,i2^, 

LV     '^—Sea  about  tt^  -why  VV     IVinenew.mtatPtQr 

aj^ttobe  choal(dmth  Sandsy  tecoft,                          25-. 

1^0, 191.  fVheat'Harveft  in  iCgypt,  5^4* 
?^y^  us'd  hy  Oracles y       1 77, 

Vine^                                  32.  Z 

Ttne-Flowers^                    %$.  np^Eitibk,                  ipi. 

i!l/  Zizania,  8$-. 


FINIS. 


^ 


!#'